No it doesnt. Rhodes was pre-14th amendment.
The key point about Rhodes is that it - like all the other court rulings - equates citizenship at birth with ‘natural-born’ citizenship. They are the same:
“all persons born in the allegiance of the United States are natural-born citizens.”
If Obama was born in the allegiance of the United States, ie was a citizen at birth, he’s a natural-born US citizen.