40 knot ships do not out run Mach 10 missiles. That missile can fly farther in five minutes than a fleet can travel in a day.
are we talking about a ballistic warhead hitting Mach 10 on reentry or are we talking some kind of guided vehicle hitting Mach 10 under power amd with guidance?
Avoiding 1) should be doable. Avoiding 2) would be problematic.