That is how it has always been.
Free speech?
Judicial incorporation.
Due process?
Varies by state.
Trial by jury?
Varies by state. Different size juries, different offenses subject to petit jury trials, different grand jury requirements for trying a suspect, etc.
SLAVERY?
13th Amendment.
The right to peaceably assemble?
Judicial incorporation, with some residual state variations.
How is it that you can understand the 13th Amendment, but fail to understand the Constitution's own statement of purpose and the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments?
Since you seem to possess reading comprehension skills, I'm tempted to think this is a case of unwillingness to understand, not inability.