No Syria has no S-300s.
http://geimint.blogspot.com/search/label/Syria
The Israel’s took the path of least resistance to an undefended target in the Syrian desert. They skirted and used Turkish airspace to get to that target. They Syrians simply took the gamble and lost by making the target as sterile as possible.
For some reason I can’t find any articles about the raid on FR’s “search.” I did find this through Google
“...More interesting is the newspapers claim that Russian experts are studying why the two state-of-the-art Russian-built radar systems in Syria did not detect the Israeli jets entering Syrian territory, it said. Iran reportedly has asked the same question, since it is buying the same systems and might have paid for the Syrian acquisitions.
http://www.defensetech.org/archives/003771.html
That quote is a bit down in the linked article. It seems (from the article) that the Israelis only used Turkish air space to leave.