I wouldn't say so. Special relativity, for example, is based on two postulates:
1. That the speed of light is constant in all reference frames. This comes from classical electrodynamics which is based almost completely on experiments (and beautifully abstracted by Maxwell's equations).
2. That the laws of physics are the same in each inertial reference frame. This comes from Galileo and Newton who based their findings from experiments.
One typical such “thought experiment” was called the “mirror clock experiment”. Thought experiments are not a rational basis for physics. There are any number of huge problems with relativity not least of which is the instantaneous propagation of gravity, and there are other more plausible explanations for the non additivity of light.