Data was compiled from a number of sources.
US Census, several sources for cost of wars, articles on US expenditures over the years, and an inflation calculator. I could post a list of urls if that would be helpful.
I spent half a day trying to find such a chart on the Web, without success. So I gave up and compiled it myself, more or less from original sources. I had no idea what it would show.
As stated, I make no claim that I didn’t make any errors. This is just my best effort.
A very interesting fact I ran across is that there was zero inflation in the US between 1800 and 1900. In fact, a dollar was worth more in 1900 than in 1800. Deflation.