It depends. How do you interpret this passage from Saint Paul? Why the Jews did not recognise Jesus as Christ? Was it not because they expected Messiah to liberate them from the corrupt, idolatrous, foreign occupation and unjust exploatation while Jesus ordered them to submit and told them that Kingdom of God is not from this world?
When Christians should or have right to resist the unjust government? A good question.
I don't have the answer, which will surprise some. Given the grace, I could possibly die for my faith in Christ, or lay down my life for another person, but I wouldn't meekly submit to death by an unjust government, corrupt corporation, or Islamic or any other fanatic, some Christian sects included, without fighting back.
Jesus did die for religion, but betrayal from one of his own and political expediency were what condemned him, the primary cause of death being crucifixion (as we know). Like you said, the people wanted an earthly Messiah who would deliver them from Roman occupation and oppression which would have involved violently overthrowing them.
I wonder if my ancestors will be judged for taking up arms against the British king who wanted a piece of the pie. Those who live by the sword will die by the sword and all that.