Can't speak as to algebra, etc., but astronomy...let's be frank, shall we? They have clear skies, which is merely the luck of nature and a function of their climate/latitude. All they did was name the pretty white dots.
They never did any pioneering work, nor did they trouble themselves to invent OPTICS.
Immanuel Velikovski in his book, 'Ages in Chaos' identified the arab tribes who 'came from the east' and met the fleeing slaves at the time of the Exodus, who attempted to take the Hebrews captive, as the 'Evil Angels' described in the Old Testament. They were the Hyksos, which word translates to Shepherd Kings. The Hebrews knew them as Amalek. They overran Egypt, destroyed utterly what remained of the Egyptian kingdom, and ruled there with great cruelty for 500 years. Archeologists were puzzled to find, in recent times, severed arms, legs, hands and heads; in a land where it was the custom to embalm and protect the corpse for the after-life.
The Hyksos, known as Amu to the Egyptians, left no mark nor monument, no evidence of their existence in Egypt. They destroyed temples, ancient papyrus. They ruled Egypt from Thebes and made the egyptian people their slaves.
King Saul gathered over a hundred thousand men and ten thousand from Judah and drove the Amu, the Amalek, the Hyksos, The Shepherd Kings (the nomad arabs) out of Egypt. The kingdom was restored, saved by its former slaves.
The Papyrus of Ipuwer describes what happened to the Egyptians. The timeline as written of by Velikovski has been illustrated on this site:
http://www.specialtyinterests.net/ipuwer.html
See: The Hyksos.
The arab annhiliation of cultures is far more ancient than we are prepared to comprehend. It's utterly parasitic.