Interesting list. The original bitmapped Mac fonts (on the very first 1984 Mac) were Athens, Chicago, Geneva, London, New York, San Francisco and Venice.
Yes. I don't think I ever saw Arial font on a Mac, which appears in that Font menu, until after it was common on Windows; I always assumed it was introduced for Windows compatibility.
But then that's a screenshot from a German system. I have no idea what would have been included with that.
You (and I) forgot the monospaced Monaco, which is one of the few fonts that has been burned into the Macintosh ROM since the beginning (the ROMs contain Monaco-9, Chicago-12, Geneva-9, and maybe Geneva-12). Oddly, the Macintosh balks at any effort to remove those four fonts from System even though they serve no purpose but to waste disk space (I've deleted them from System on a bootable disk and nothing bad happened).