Posted on 06/05/2004 9:07:11 AM PDT by doug from upland
This is a pretty good source of information. On the site, they also have The Gipper's speech on the 40th anniversary.
GREAT thread !!! Thanks !!!
thank you for all the great pings nutmeg...
Thank you for this thread doug..as always, you provide great threads, great insight and often a history lesson.
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| Hitler Directive Number 51 In this directive, the German leader formally responded to concerns caused by the ominous buildup of forces in the British Isles. Hitler displayed here his tendency to issue detailed orders far below the strategic level, and he divided responsibility for military operations among the land, air, and naval commanders, who would answer not to a theatre commander but ultimately to himself. Such interference and rigid control contributed to the military debacle of the Normandy campaign in June-August 1944. Führer Headquarters 3 November 1943 Top Secret The Führer Directive No. 51 For the last two and one-half years the bitter and costly struggle against Bolshevism has made the utmost demands upon the bulk of our military resources and energies. This commitment was in keeping with the seriousness of the danger, and the over-all situation. The situation has since changed. The threat from the East remains, but an even greater danger looms in the West: the Anglo-American landing! In the East, the vastness of the space will, as a last resort, permit a loss of territory even on a major scale, without suffering a mortal blow to Germany's chance for survival. Not so in the West! If the enemy here succeeds in penetrating our defenses on a wide front, consequences of staggering proportions will follow within a short time. All signs point to an offensive against the Western Front of Europe no later than spring, and perhaps earlier. For that reason, I can no longer justify the further weakening of the West in favour of other theaters of war. I have therefore decided to strengthen the defenses in the West, particularly at places from which we shall launch our long-range war against England. [Here Hitler refers to the Pas-de-Calais area north of Normandy, where launch facilities were being installed for the secret V-1 missile.] For those are the very points at which the enemy must and will attack; there--unless all indications are misleading--will be fought the decisive invasion battle. Holding attacks and diversions on other fronts are to be expected. Not even the possibility of a large-scale offensive against Denmark may be excluded. It would pose greater nautical problems and could be less effectively supported from the air, but would nevertheless produce the greatest political and strategic impact if it were to succeed. During the opening phase of the battle, the entire striking power of the enemy will of necessity be directed against our forces manning the coast. Only an all-out effort in the construction of fortifications, an unsurpassed effort that will enlist all available manpower and physical resources of Germany and the occupied areas, will be able to strengthen our defenses along the coasts within the short time that still appears to be left to us. Stationary weapons (heavy AT [antitank] guns, immobile tanks to be dug-in, coast artillery, shore-defense guns, mines, etc.) arriving in Denmark and the occupied West within the near future will be heavily concentrated in points of main defensive effort at the most vulnerable coastal sectors. At the same time, we must take the calculated risk that for the present we may be unable to improve our defenses in less threatened sectors. Should the enemy nevertheless force a landing by concentrating his armed might, he must be hit by the full fury of our counterattack. For this mission ample and speedy reinforcements of men and materiel, as well as intensive training must transform available larger units into first-rate, fully mobile general reserves suitable for offensive operations. The counterattack of these units will prevent the enlargement of the beachhead, and throw the enemy back into the sea. In addition, well-planned emergency measures, prepared down to the last detail, must enable us instantly to throw against the invader every fit man and machine from coastal sectors not under attack and from the home front. The anticipated strong attacks by air and sea must be relentlessly countered by Air Force and Navy with all their available resources. I therefore order the following: A) Army: 1.) The Chief of the Army General Staff and the Inspector General of Panzer Troops will submit to me as soon as possible a schedule covering arms, tanks, assault guns, motor vehicles, and ammunition to be allocated to the Western Front and Denmark within the next three months. That schedule will conform to the new situation. The following considerations will be basic: a) Sufficient mobility for all panzer and panzer grenadier divisions in the West, and equipment of each of those units by December 1943 with 93 [Panzerkampfwagen] Mark IV tanks or assault guns, as well as large numbers of antitank weapons. Accelerated reorganization of the 20 Luftwaffe field divisions into an effective mobile reserve force by the end of 1943. This reorganization is to include the issue of assault guns. Accelerated issue of all authorized weapons to the SS Panzer Grenadier Division Hitler Jugend [which was upgraded to the 12th SS Panzer Division "Hitler Youth"], the 21st Panzer Division, and the infantry and reserve divisions stationed in Jutland. b) Additional shipments of Mark IV tanks, assault guns, and heavy AT guns to the reserve panzer divisions stationed in the West and in Denmark, as well as to the Assault Gun Training Battalion in Denmark. c) In November and December, monthly allotments of 100 heavy AT guns models 40 and 43 (half of these to be mobile) in addition to those required for newly activated units in the West and in Denmark. d) Allotment of large numbers of weapons (including about 1,000 machine guns) for augmenting the armament of those static divisions that are committed for coastal defense in the West and in Denmark, and for standardizing the equipment of elements that are to be withdrawn from sectors not under attack. e) Ample supply of close-combat AT weapons to units in vulnerable sectors. f) Improvement of artillery and AT defenses in units stationed in Denmark, as well as those committed for coastal protection in the occupied West. Strengthening of GHQ [General Headquarters] artillery. 2.) The units and elements stationed in the West or in Denmark, as well as panzer, assault gun, and AT units to be activated in the West, must not be transferred to other fronts without my permission. The Chief of the Army General Staff, or the Inspector General of Panzer Troops will submit to me a report through the Armed Forces Operations Staff [headed up by General Alfred Jodl] as soon as the issue of equipment to the panzer and assault gun battalions, as well as to the AT battalions and companies, has been completed. 3.) Beyond similar measures taken in the past, the Commander in Chief West [at the time of this directive, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt] will establish timetables for, and conduct maneuvers and command post exercises on, the procedure for bringing up units from sectors not under attack. These units will be made capable of performing offensive missions, however limited. In that connection I demand that sectors not threatened by the enemy be ruthlessly stripped of all forces except small guard detachments. For sectors from which reserves are withdrawn, security and guard detachments must be set aside from security and alarm units. Labour forces drawn largely from the native population must likewise be organized in those sectors, in order to keep open whatever roads might be destroyed by the enemy air force. 4.) The Commander of German Troops in Denmark will take measures in the area under his control in compliance with paragraph 3 above. 5.) Pursuant to separate orders, the Chief of Army Equipment and Commander of the Replacement Army will form Kampfgruppen [battle groups] in regimental strength, security battalions, and engineer construction battalions from training cadres, trainees, schools, and instruction and convalescent units in the Zone of the Interior. These troops must be ready for shipment on 48 hours' notice. Furthermore, other available personnel are to be organized into battalions of replacements and equipped with the available weapons, so that the anticipated heavy losses can quickly be replaced. B) Luftwaffe: The offensive and defensive effectiveness of Luftwaffe units in the West and in Denmark will be increased to meet the changed situation. To that end, preparations will be made for the release of units suited for commitment in the anti-invasion effort, that is, all flying units and mobile Flak artillery that can be spared from the air defenses of the home front, and from schools and training units in the Zone of the Interior. All those units are to be earmarked for the West and possibly Denmark. The Luftwaffe ground organization in southern Norway, Denmark, northwestern Germany, and the West will be expanded and supplied in a way that will--by the most far-reaching decentralization of own forces--deny targets to the enemy bombers, and split the enemy's offensive effort in case of large-scale operations. Particularly important in that connection will be our fighter forces. Possibilities for their commitment must be increased by the establishment of numerous advance landing fields. Special emphasis is to be placed on good camouflage. I expect also that the Luftwaffe will unstintingly furnish all available forces, by stripping them from less threatened areas. C) Navy: The Navy will prepare the strongest possible forces suitable for attacking the enemy landing fleets. Coastal defense installations in the process of construction will be completed with the utmost speed. The emplacing of additional coastal batteries and the possibility of laying further flanking mine fields should be investigated. All school, training, and other shore-based personnel fit for ground combat must be prepared for commitment so that, without undue delay, they can at least be employed as security forces within the zone of the enemy landing operations. While preparing the reinforcement of the defenses in the West, the Navy must keep in mind that it might be called upon to repulse simultaneous enemy landings in Norway and Denmark. In that connection, I attach particular importance to the assembly of numerous U-boats in the northern area. A temporary weakening of U-boat forces in the Atlantic must be risked. D) SS: The Reichsfuehrer-SS will determine what Waffen-SS and police forces he can release for combat, security, and guard duty. He is to prepare to organize effective combat and security forces from training, replacement, and convalescent units, as well as schools and other home-front establishments. E) The commanders in chief of the services, the Reichsfuehrer-SS, the Chief of the Army General Staff, the Commander in Chief West, the Chief of Army Equipment and Commander of the Replacement Army, the Inspector General of Panzer Troops, as well as the Commander of German Troops in Denmark will report to me by 15 November all measures taken or planned. I expect that all agencies will make a supreme effort toward utilizing every moment of the remaining time in preparing for the decisive battle in the West. All authorities will guard against wasting time and energy in useless jurisdictional squabbles, and will direct all their efforts toward strengthening our defensive and offensive power. signed: Adolf Hitler |
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Credits | Comments Copyright © 1998-1999 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |
Also called RASTENBURG ASSASSINATION PLOT, abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek favourable peace terms from the Allies.
During 1943 and early 1944, opposition to Hitler in high army circles increased as Germany's military situation deteriorated. Plans for the coup, code-named Walküre ("Valkyrie"), were set late in 1943; but Hitler, increasingly suspicious, became more difficult of access and often abruptly changed his schedule, thus thwarting a number of earlier attempts on his life.
The leaders of the plot included retired Colonel General Ludwig Beck (formerly chief of the General Staff), Major General Henning von Tresckow, Colonel General Friedrich Olbricht, and several other top officers. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, one of Germany's most prestigious commanders, agreed with the conspirators that Hitler should be removed from power, but he looked on assassination with distaste and took no active part in the plot after having been seriously injured on July 17 in an Allied strafing attack. The most stalwart conspirator was Lieutenant Colonel Claus Philipp Schenk, Graf (count) von Stauffenberg, who personally carried out the assassination attempt.
On July 20 Stauffenberg left a bomb in a briefcase in a conference room at the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) field headquarters at Rastenburg, East Prussia, where Hitler was meeting with top military aides. Stauffenberg slipped from the room, witnessed the explosion at 12:42 PM, and, convinced that Hitler was killed, flew to Berlin to join the other plotters, who were to have seized the Supreme Command Headquarters there. Bad luck and indecisiveness thwarted the plans. An attending officer had nudged the briefcase containing the bomb out of his way to the far side of the massive oak support of the conference table, which thus shielded Hitler from the full force of the explosion. A stenographer and three officers died, but Hitler escaped with only minor injury. Meanwhile, the other conspirators, unsure whether or not Hitler was dead, failed to act until Stauffenberg landed near Berlin more than three hours later. By then it was too late. Rumours of Hitler's survival melted the resolve of many of the key officers. In a counter-coup at Berlin headquarters, General Friedrich Fromm, who had known about and condoned the plot, sought to prove his allegiance by arresting a few of the chief conspirators, who were promptly shot (Stauffenberg, Olbricht, and two aides) or forced to commit suicide (Beck). In subsequent days, Hitler's police rounded up the remaining conspirators, many of whom were tortured by the Gestapo to reveal their confederates and hauled before the Volksgericht (People's Court) to be excoriated by the dreaded Nazi judge Roland Freisler. About 180 to 200 plotters were shot or hanged or, in some cases, viciously strangled with piano wire or hung up on great meat hooks. Even Fromm was eventually arrested, tried, and executed.
DER FÜHRER (German: "The Leader")
(b. April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria--d. April 30, 1945, Berlin),
leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party (from 1920/21)
and dictator of Germany (1933-45).
He was officially chancellor (Kanzler) from January 30, 1933,
after President Paul von Hindenburg's death, assumed the twin titles of Führer and chancellor (August 2, 1934).
The following is a brief summary of Adolf Hitler's life. For a more detailed treatment of his dictatorship during World War II, see the extract from the Britannica article HITLER, by Alan Bullock and Wilfrid F. Knapp.
Hitler spent his early life in Linz, Austria, and in Vienna. He was a lonely, frustrated artist and moved to Munich in 1913. While serving in the German army during World War I, he was wounded (1916) and gassed (1918). He began his political career as an army political agent in the German Workers' (later National Socialist, or Nazi) Party in 1919 and became head of its propaganda arm in 1920. Hitler was soon made president of the party and began his creation of a mass movement and his climb to power.
After the abortive Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch of 1923, he served nine months in prison and began the writing of Mein Kampf, in which he condemned democratic government and expressed his hate and fear of Jews. Throughout the 1920s Hitler continued to gain strength; he unsuccessfully opposed Paul von Hindenburg in the presidential election of 1932 but was appointed chancellor in 1933. After Hindenburg's death, Hitler merged the offices of chancellor and president in 1934 and adopted the title of Führer ("leader").
After having established a totalitarian police state in Germany, Hitler turned his attention to foreign policy, and his aggressively expansionist policies triggered World War II (1939-45). At its height, Hitler's Germany briefly occupied most of Europe. His "new order" for Europe called for the indiscriminate extermination of whole peoples; the Jews were the most serious victims of his barbarism. After Germany's adversaries turned the tide of war in late 1942, Hitler's remaining energies were spent on defending the German empire from Soviet advances in the east and an Anglo-American invasion in the west. By January 1945 he had retreated to the chancellory in Berlin, and in the face of impending capture by advancing Soviet troops, he committed suicide.
"Omaha" was the code name for the second beach from the right of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion. It was the largest of the assault areas, stretching over 6 miles (10 kilometres) between Port-en-Bessin on the east and the mouth of the Vire River on the west. The western third of the beach was backed by a 10-foot- (3-metre-) high seawall, and the whole beach was overlooked by cliffs 100 feet high. There were five exits from the sand and shingle beach; the best was a paved road in a ravine leading to the village of Vierville-sur-Mer, two were only dirt paths, and two were dirt roads leading to the villages of Colleville-sur-Mer and Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer.
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