1. Aristotle
Science is Aristotle's method. Later, Aristole's method would create conclusions which conflicted with some of Aristotle's conclusions. After Aristotle's substantive errors were cleared out the Renaissance and Enlightenment flared, in a SPACE created by:
2. Jesus.
In the Christian West, Jesus' words inserted a SPACE between the state and religion.
This space was only a potential spce until Constantine, then for 1000 years Christendom fought over this space, which took on an intellectual life of its own by the year 1100, whether the individual thinker believed in Jesus' words or not.
The separation of church and state is an implication of Jesus' attitude to the state in the NT.
Islam lacks the words of Jesus. Hence, there is no space between secular power and real or imagined religious truth.
In Islam, the natural tendency of religions to demand compliance with their worldview choked off Aristotle when his method began to produce conclusions at odds with Islam.
In Christendom, there was a great struggle, but the Jesus space survived and expanded to allow the Aristotelian explosion of knowledge in the Modern West.
So it was Aristotle's brain plus Jesus' attitude toward coercion.