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To: blam
Archaeologists Find Celts in Unlikely Spot: Central Turkey

Good find! That's the NYT article I mentioned.

32 posted on 12/20/2003 4:47:32 PM PST by skraeling
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To: skraeling
Italian Archaeologist: Anatola - Home To The First Civilization On Earth
34 posted on 12/20/2003 4:54:05 PM PST by blam
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To: skraeling; blam; jocon307; Bosco
Archaeologists Find Celts in Unlikely Spot: Central Turkey

Actually, that would be a very likely spot.

The Celts had been driven out of Macedonia back to the Danube by Alexander the Great and Lysimachus. When they invaded Macedonia again in 279 B.C. the Celts were again defeated by Macedonia.

The following year, King Nicomedes of Bithynia invited the defeated Celts,with their wives and children, into what is now Turkey as mercenaries in his war against Antiochos I. That established the Celts in what is now Turkey.

These Celts numbered 20,000 men, women, and children. They were divided into three tribes, the Tolistobogii, the Tectosages, and the Trocmi and were led by the chieftains Leonorius and Lutorius. These Celts and their descendents became the "Galatians" of Anatolia (Turkey).

As the Helenistic Kings waged war upon each other, they employed these Celtic "barbarian" merceneries and the Celts also engaged in pillaging raids of their own against Hellenistic cities in Anatolia.

Attalos I, King of Pergamum, defeated the Anatolian Celts in two battles between 235 and 225 BC and the victory was commemorated by a monument that included the sculpture "Dying Gaul" which depicted a dying Celtic warrior dressed in nothing but his Celtic neck torque.

In 191 B.C., Rome, as an ally of Pergammon, was at war with the Seleucid King Antiochus III and his Galatian Celtic merceneraies. After the defeat of Antiochus III, the Roman general Manlius Vulso further punished the Galatian Celts by invading their territory and defeating them in two battles. Thousands of Galatian Celts were sold into slavery in the aftermath.

The Galatian lived rather peacefully until King Mithridates IV of Pontus revolted against Rome in 88 B.C. Mithridates invited 60 Galatian chiefs to Pergammon and executed all of them except 3 who escaped. This event consolidated Galatian leadership and drove Galatia to become a protectorate of Rome in 85 B.C.

After that, the Galtians were Romanized and the fate of the Galtians was tied to the fate of Rome.

35 posted on 12/20/2003 6:00:46 PM PST by Polybius
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