The 637 Class boats had very small vents, and no bow planes. A "Crash Dive" would be ordering the vents opened before you left the bridge (see #3).
2. How long does it take to crash dive.
It could take a couple of minutes.
3. Is the top of the sail (where Beer says he was standing) called the bridge.
Yes.
4. Would the OOD normally be accompanied only by the Corpsman on a surfaced submarine.
Normally there would be the OOD and one lookout.