By WOLFGANG SAXON
November 23, 2001
New York Times
r. Vladimir Pasechnik, a senior Soviet biologist whose defection in 1989 alerted Western intelligence to the scope of Moscow's clandestine efforts to adapt germs and viruses for military use, died on Wednesday in Wiltshire, England. He was 64 and lived in a nearby village.
The cause was a stroke, said Dr. Christopher J. Davis of Great Falls, Va., formerly in British intelligence.
It was Dr. Pasechnik who provided a first glimpse of Biopreparat, a network of secret laboratories, each focused on a deadly agent. His revelations were confirmed in 1992 with the defection to the United States of Dr. Ken Alibek, the No. 2 scientist for the program.
The picture that emerged was of a system of centers scattered chiefly around European Russia. There, a small army of scientists and technicians were developing potential biological weapons like anthrax, Ebola, Marburg virus, plague, Q fever and smallpox.
Dr. Pasechnik was in charge of one known as the Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations in St. Petersburg, then Leningrad. Once in England, he told interviewers that he had no inkling that his work violated the 1972 treaty under which the United States and the Soviet Union were to halt such activities.
Once revealed, the Soviet government insisted that the research was intended to defend against acts of biological warfare by an enemy and that the program had been stopped, two claims doubted by Western intelligence.
Dr. Pasechnik defected on an official trip to the West, but little was known about his background until early 1993 when the British government permitted him to speak.
He said he had become "disgusted" with the biological weapons program, which had been denied by Presidents Mikhail S. Gorbachev and Boris N. Yeltsin, or had been hidden from them. Dr. Pasechnik said he defected in an effort to help stop it. (His own laboratory had been working on a strain of plague.)
James Adams, in his 1994 book "The New Spies," described Dr. Pasechnik as "one of the brightest stars at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute." A native of Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad, he graduated in physics at the top of his class.
He specialized in the study of polymers for biological uses at the Institute of High Molecular Compounds in St. Petersburg. His interest, Mr. Adams wrote, was in developing new antibiotics and methods to treat diseases without known cures.
At age 37, Dr. Pasechnik was invited to start his own institute, Mr. Adams wrote, with an unlimited budget to buy equipment in the West and recruit the best staff available. The laboratory he created was part of the countrywide Biopreparat.
He later reported that the institute, with a staff of 400, did research on modifying cruise missiles to spread germs. Flying low to foil early-warning systems, the robot craft were intended to spray clouds of aerosolized pathogens over unsuspecting enemies.
Dr. Pasechnik said his team succeeded in producing an aerosolized plague microbe that could survive outside the laboratory.
Increasingly distressed, Dr. Pasechnik had begun to plan his defection in 1988, he but had never been permitted to travel abroad, Mr. Adams wrote. Meanwhile, Western intelligence agencies had been poring over bits and pieces of information for years, trying to assess the state of Soviet efforts in his field.
Dr. Pasechnik got his chance to travel in the summer of 1989. He volunteered to wrap up a pending deal with a French maker of chemical laboratory equipment. In recognition of past performance, he was allowed to travel to Toulouse to sign the contracts.
Instead, he called the British Embassy in Paris.
November 21, 2001
MEMPHIS (AP) — Authorities continued yesterday to search for a missing Harvard University biologist whose abandoned rental car was discovered last week on an Interstate 40 bridge spanning the Mississippi River.
Dr. Don C. Wiley, 57, was in Memphis attending the annual meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The board met last Wednesday and Thursday.
Wiley's car was discovered on the Hernando DeSoto Bridge about 4 a.m. Friday. Police said the key was still in the ignition and the car had a full tank of gas.
''We just don't know where he is right at the moment,'' Memphis Police Inspector Matt McCann said Monday. ''There is no indication of foul play that we can determine at this point.''
McCain said Wiley, a Harvard biochemistry and biophysics professor, is ''known throughout the world in his field.''
''For him to suddenly disappear like this is of great concern to us. We're putting in a lot of man-hours trying to locate him,'' McCann said.
In 1999, Wiley and Dr. Jack Strominger of Harvard won the Japan Prize for their discoveries of how the immune system protects humans from infections.