Another quibble: Time involves a bit more than changes in position. It involves changes, period. All changes occur over time. If something were regarded as motionless, for example, the sun, it would still be changing over time. (I know, it moves, but you could arrange your coordinate system so that it's in the center.)
No. All motion is relative. In fact, there is nothing in the material universe that is ever absolutely static, especially when you consider anything's relationship to everything else in the universe. You might come close if you could find the center of the universe (if there is a center) and place there an object at absolute zero, and ... on second thought, there is no way to even imagine something that is completely static.
There is one thing you forgot in your hypothetical example of the sun and an adjusted coordinate system. We are dealing with real entities, and material entities have mass and all masses accelerate toward all other masses and no matter how you design your coordinate system, the sun always moves being pulled about by all the bodies revolving around it (even if ever so slightly). You get the idea.
Finally, all physical change requires motion. There is no physical change independent of actual physical motion.
However, I would be willing to entertain suggestions of physical changes that were possible without any physical motion whatsoever. Have any ideas?
Hank