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The "cosmological red shift" is a hypothesis. Do an internet search on that exact term and you'll find at least 1/2 dozen different explanations for the cause of it.

Do another search on the "fine structure" and "the speed of light". By looking at the emission spectra of ancient atoms there's evidence that light has slowed over time.

As far as c not being constant in a vacuum, or all observers must measure c the same regardless of inertial reference frame. Think of this experiment. You have a railroad car 200 meters long. In the exact center is an isotropic light source. At each end of the car are two observers with clocks, equidistant from the center. The light source emits a pulse, the clocks are synchronized. The rail car accelerates to 1/2 the speed of light along the axis of the source and observers, which undergo equal Lorentz contractions and the like. A light pulse is emitted when the car is moving inertially at 1/2 the speed of light. Do the observers at the ends see the light pulse arriving at the same time?

If the answer is yes then how come the east to west speed of light on the surface of the earth is not the same as the west to east? If your answer is no, then are the two observers in the same reference frame measuring different speeds of light?

It matters not what "speed" they are travelling, the two observers are stationary in relation to the light source. To an outside observer in the rear the light is shining in the infra-red, to an outside observer placed in front of this conveyence the light is shining in ultra-violet. Both outside observers "see" the light at the same time (assuming they are equi-distant from the source when the light pulses), as do both stationary observers.

Show me proof (from CalTech, MIT, Stanford or Cornell, not some ninnyhammer that has some kinda axe to grind) that C is different "east to west" than it is "west to east". This would be an observable, repeatable and provable, violation of Special Relativity, which of course has not happened. E still equals mass times the speed of light squared, and in a vacuum, light always travels at a speed of 299,792,458 meters per second, no matter how its speed is measured.

On the gripping hand, at 1/2 C, the visible light coming from the direction of travel of your unlikely conveyance has now shortened to hard X-rays and has killed the two observers.