Normally secret video links from the American spies-in-the-sky have a serious security problem - a problem that make it easier for terrorists to tune in to live video of US intelligence activity than to get Disney cartoons or new-release movies.
For more than six months live pictures from manned spy aircraft and drones have been broadcast through a satellite over Brazil. The satellite, Telstar 11, is a commercial TV relay. The US spyplane broadcasts are not encrypted, meaning that anyone in the region with a normal satellite TV receiver can watch surveillance operations as they happen.
The satellite feeds have also been connected to the internet, potentially allowing the missions to be watched from around the globe.
Viewers who tuned in to the unintended attraction on Tuesday could watch a sudden security alert around the US army's Kosovan headquarters, Camp Bondsteel in Urosevac. The camp was visited last summer by President Bush and his defence secretary, Donald Rumsfeld.
A week earlier the spyplane had provided airborne cover for a heavily protected patrol of the Macedonian-Kosovan border, near Skopje. A group of apparently high-ranking visitors were accompanied by six armoured personnel carriers and a helicopter gunship.
Nato officials, whose forces in former Yugoslavia depend on the US missions for intelligence, at first expressed disbelief at the reports. After inquiring, a Nato spokesman confirmed: "We're aware that this imagery is put on a communications satellite. The distribution of this material is handled by the United States and we're content that they're following appropriate levels of security."
This lapse in US security was discovered last year by a British engineer and satellite enthusiast, John Locker, who specialises in tracking commercial satellite services. Early in November 2001 he routinely logged the new channels.
"I thought that the US had made a deadly error," he said. "My first thought was that they were sending their spyplane pictures through the wrong satellite by mistake, and broadcasting secret information across Europe."
He tried repeatedly to warn British, Nato and US officials about the leak. But his warnings were set aside. One officer wrote back to tell him that the problem was a "known hardware limitation".
The flights, conducted by US army and navy units and AirScan Inc, a Florida-based private military company, are used to monitor terrorists and smugglers trying to cross borders, to track down arms caches, and to keep watch on suspect premises. The aircraft are equipped to watch at night, using infrared.
"We seem to be transmitting this information potentially straight to our enemies," said one US military intelligence official who was alerted to the leak, adding: "I would be worried that using this information, the people we are tracking will see what we are looking at and, much more worryingly, what we are not looking at.
"This could let people see where our forces are and what they're doing. That's putting our boys at risk."
Former SAS officer Adrian Weale, who served in Northern Ireland, told BBC Newsnight last night: "I think I'd be extremely irritated to find that the planning and hard work that had gone into mounting an operation against, for instance, a war crime suspect or gun runner was being compromised by the release of this information in the form that it's going out in."
· Duncan Campbell is a freelance investigative journalist and a member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, and not the Guardian correspondent of the same name
Military satellites
The military obviously protects its data from a curious public and other countries but even here people can get sloppy. During the Gulf war anyone that was sufficiently interested could occasionally get quite a good idea of the situation as uncoded radio chatter was often to be heard on the US-FLTSATCOM satellites. As with the weather satellites there are two distinct groups of satellites; geostationary and orbital.
The American system is based upon the FLTSATCOM series and the DSCS satellites. they additionally use the UHF band of the MAREC and INMARSATs (200-400 MHz). The UK puts its trust in its SKYNET satellites and Russians have probably already lost track of their military and spy satellites. The most well known series is the COSMOS series. These satellites can carry out just about every function you can think of. They can be configured as amateur radio, weather, scientific or military satellites. A complete overview of the area of application and technical data can be found in the SATELLITE’S ENCYCLOPEDIA by Jean-Philippe Donnio. This, probably the most reliable reference work, is available on disk.
The complexity of receiving and decoding transmissions from these satellites is enourmous. From time to time decoding is not possible. In spite of all this, these satellites can be a valuable source of information in times of crisis as a considerable proportion of traffic is voice. Video signals can’t be received but faxes pose no problem and thus programs such as CODE-3 with appropriate decoder are adequate for some data. The requisite receivers are expensive. The frequency range from 100 to over 2000 MHz is recommended and that doesn’t come cheap. Suitable units cost between 2000 and 9000 Marks (or £ 850-4000). When it comes to the antennas compromises can be made. A good Discone antenna with integrated amplifier is adequate for the reception of FLTSATCOM (200-400 MHz). Better however is the cruciform YAGI antenna for this frequency range. FLTSATCOM can be easily picked up in Europe. A Discone with a band amplifier gave good results in Holland. A good LOG periodic antenna is fine for the L- and S-bands.
In addition to their numerous COSMOS satellites the Russians also operate a large number of geostationary RADUGA satellites. A glance at a good satellite list will assist in locating these. The purpose of these most versatile satellites is to supply TV images, enable normal telecommunications and to serve the military, who use the lower C-band (below 3.65 GHz). Worth searching out is RADUGA 29 (drifting) at approximately 12.3° East. Simply switch from the Hot Bird position to the C-band and use the black carriers to target the satellite. FDM and SCPC can be found here. Outside of the UHF, L, S and C-band the military is obviously increasingy moving into the X-band. Rejected military equipment for this band is available from surplus dealers but the prices are usually out of the reach of amateurs. It’s a great source for poor, small countries to stock up their military electronics.