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You sound like you think a vaccine stays in your body, waiting for a disease to come along so it can attack it.

Vaccines are not something that stay in your body, so the idea that they don’t “break down” is meaningless.

A vaccine triggers immune responses in a body. The body then remembers this immune response, to greater or lesser degrees, so that if a disease is encountered, the body “remembers” it, and can respond more quickly than if it had to create a defense on the spot.

The best “vaccine’ is the actual disease, as it is a perfect representation of the disease, so the body creates antibodies that are well-matched. Of course, you also get the disease, which might cause permanent damage before your body can respond.

All other vaccines are imperfect. Some are close to exact matches for a disease, to the point where they could actually give you the disease if they used ‘live’ virus.

Vaccines traditionally take a long time to create, because manufacturing a duplicate for a virus, but that is harmless, is hard work. Flu vaccine is “easy” because we already HAVE a flu vaccine, and just have to tweak it every year. Still takes time.

Anyway, these COVID vaccines are a new breed, where they just found a bunch of markers for COVID, and created a vaccine that has those markers, so your body creates ways to fight those markers. Since the markers are a subset of the actual disease, it is easier for mutations to change those parts and make YOUR ANTIBODIES less effective. Also, they way they trigger your immune system may be slightly different, providing less antibodies.

Of course, these are not the first vaccines to require boosters. many vaccines do require two shots just for the start, you take tetanus periodically, I just got boosters for several vaccines. And I get a flu shot every year, because of how quickly the flu mutates.

There is no indication that people who got vaccinated are more likely to get COVID. But people are very bad with statistics.