This author seems to be willfully ignorant about the “European Crusades” The Crusades were a response to Islamic aggression. The goals was to RE-CAPTURE the Holy Land from the Muslims for the Byzantine Empire
“This author seems to be willfully ignorant about the “European Crusades” The Crusades were a response to Islamic aggression. The goals was to RE-CAPTURE the Holy Land from the Muslims for the Byzantine Empire”
And my understanding is that the Europeans went to North Africa to stop the piracy (and worse) that made life on the Mediterranean next to impossible. At least for North Africa, they had no desire to be there, but also no choice.