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When the Continental Congress began the debate on the Declaration of Independence on July 1, 1776, Dickinson reiterated his opposition to declaring independence at that time. Dickinson believed that Congress should complete the Articles of Confederation and secure a foreign alliance before issuing a declaration. Dickinson also objected to violence as a means for resolving the dispute. He abstained or absented himself from the votes on July 2 that declared independence and absented himself again from voting on the wording of the formal Declaration on July 4. Dickinson understood the implications of his refusal to vote stating, “My conduct this day, I expect will give the finishing blow to my once too great and, my integrity considered, now too diminished popularity.”[14] Dickinson refused to sign the Declaration and since a proposal had been brought forth and carried that stated “for our mutual security and protection” no man could remain in Congress without signing, Dickinson voluntarily left and joined the Pennsylvania militia.[15] John Adams, a fierce advocate for independence and Dickinson’s adversary on the floor of Congress, remarked, “Mr. Dickinson’s alacrity and spirit certainly become his character and sets a fine example.”[16]