I live in suburbia where discharging a firearm is not allowed (And considering there is almost no direction you could shoot without hitting someone’s house that’s probably a good thing) However, Bambi’s relatives come though on a frequent basis and devour any roses, tomato plants, and some other decorate items that we have. Someone told me that a .22 cal pellet loaded with succinyl choline chloride will do them in. I haven’t tried because I’m not sure how I could get rid of a 140 lb dead animal, and I’m not sure how to get it - dark web I suppose.
Deer hate dogs.
There are parts of Long Island, NY where there are so many deer in suburban neighborhoods that they hire archery hunters to come in and cull the herd.
Another place with major deer problems are the Casco Bay island off the Portland, ME coast. These are islands within a 1/4 mile to 1 mile from the mainland. Deer swim across to them. Once they are on the island, there are no predators. Also, there is no hunting with a gun. There are so many deer that the homeowners have to cover their postage stamp lots with deer fencing to keep them from eating their flowers and shrubs. I have seen this personally on Peaks Island. It is a 15 ferry ride from downtown Portland, ME.