This is silly. You actually think state legislators can pas laws discriminating on the basis of race or gender? Did you sleep through the civil rights era of the 1960?
My citations are the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment.
Yes, I do. It has already happened more than once. See "Affirmative Action" policies for some worked examples. See almost anything related to "Title IX" regulations. This is on a Federal level. The States can be even worse.
A number of Municipal Governments have explicit laws which require racial quotas in hiring for anyone that does business with the cities (Hartford, CT for example) and those laws have been validated by the States.
No, I do not approve of such things. But there are no real limits to what a Democrat legislature may attempt. And Democrat-packed courts generally uphold all such infringements, inevitably finding mysterious "penumbras" in the Constitution to justify them. Voting does not appear to fix these problems.
"No man's life or property are safe while the legislature is in session" (Mark Twain)