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they were also very wealthy...that’s what happens to mere resource economies.

All true. They blew a lot of their wealth on wars in Europe. But I think that only the Spanish could have pulled off what they did. They had been at war against the Muslims for over 600 years. 600 years of fighting tradition! The very year they finally drive the Muslims out, Columbus discovers America and gives them two continents to conquer. I’m sure they believed that God had rewarded them for their faithful service. Along with the territory they discover what amounts to all of the gold and silver in the world in both Mexico and Peru. They had a pretty good run.

There is a secret imho that spanish catholics used to know. It was the arian bishops in spain that invited the moors to cross from morocco to help the arian bishops against the trinitarian bishops. why? because all of north africa practiced arian christianity. They just rolled over for the moslems. (in much the same way as europe does today.)

600 years later when the catholics put the Abegensians of southern france to the sword — it was because of the existential threat that the Abegensians posed to Christendom. Why> because the Abegensians were also Arians.

John Calvin put the founder of the Unitarian Church —Servitus to death. Why? He was also an Arian Christian. I would bet that Calvin had access to Catholic archives on the subject—which was why the punishment was so severe.