Understood. But the loss to the customer is being denied transit, so whether Dao has a claim that fits into Rule 25 involuntary denial, or just plain od "breach of contract, not even in Rule 25," his damages vs UAL flow from denial of a seat on that flight.
True. But weren't the actual damages in the Nader case $10? It was the punitive that they were really appealing and malice and disregard.