Some more Resources for this:
The Book
“Citizenship of the United States”
by Frederick Van Dyne, LL. M.
Assistant Solicitor of the Department of State of the United States
Published 1909
Archive.org has a copy you can download.
https://ia600400.us.archive.org/5/items/citizenshipunit00goog/citizenshipunit00goog.pdf
SENATOR JACOB HOWARD, SPEECH
INTRODUCING THE FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT
Speech delivered in the U.S. Senate, May 23, 1866
http://theusconstitution.org/sites/default/files/briefs/Howard_Speech_5-23-1866.pdf
AND
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/conlaw/senatorhowardspeechonthefourteenthamendment.pdf
H.R.140 - Birthright Citizenship Act of 2011 - Introduced by Representative Steve King R-IA - Looks like it was introduced and it got nowhere.
https://www.opencongress.org/bill/hr140-112/actions_votes
Howard’s speech, as you posted, would seems to declare that ALL citizens born in the United States has always been automatically given citizenship by the occasion of their birth. The excerpt I posted, then, can be understood as a clarification.
Re: King. Yes, the House wouldn’t bring up anything that wouldn’t pass the Senate and Obama’s veto.