I should note that the 10,000-rupee cost (about $160) cited in the article is a bit steep. The actual fixture itself can be had for maybe 1000 rupees tops, and it is possible to find old fixtures for free. Hiring labor to install one might cost another couple thousand. If one is in the process of building a house, it becomes very easy (and costs essentially no more) to add in space for the toilet, with only a slight increase in the amount of other materials needed. Retrofitting a house does cost more, but again, probably not 10000 rupees.
Granted, though, even 5000 rupees is a lot for some of these people, who live on maybe half that a month.
I will say this too: Outhouses aren’t going to work here. Too many of the local poisonous animals would find an outhouse a very accommodating residence, and a dawn/dusk visit could very likely be fatal due to the confined space.
With Obama as President who has a thousand rupees any more?
yep , outhouses can be chancy ....
You stand/squat above and do not dangle within ...
I used to live in New Mexico where there were a lot of rattlesnakes . Just on the chance that a rattler might be lurking down in the dark , I would take my .44 mag Ruger Blackhawk and fire a round down into the pit to discourage any such ambush . The gun powder made the facility smell better too ...