The whole Hitler/Stalin thing is one of those great ironies of World War II for which I have such fondness.
When it was obvious that the Western Allies would have to make a stand against Hitler over Poland, they obviously wanted to involve Stalin’s USSR on their side. Hitler, of course, did not want to fight a two-front war. This was while he was still somewhat rational, and he realized the two-front war was what had doomed the Kaiser. But he hated Bolshevism so much, and had spent so much political capital venting his spleen on them, it was very hard for him to engage the Soviets.
Hitler hoped he could bluff and/or stare down the allies one more time. In fact, right up to August 1939, he was convinced they would not actually fight for Poland. In the meantime, the Allies sent the Drax mission to Russia to negotiate an alliance of some sort with Stalin. Several things about this mission made it obvious to Stalin that the allies were not serious. They took a slow boat to get there. They didn’t have any concrete military plans or commitments they could give. Most importantly, they could not give assurances that the Poles would allow the Red Army onto Polish territory to fight the Germans.
It appeared to Stalin that the Western Allies’ idea to fight Hitler was to sit behind the Maginot Line, and defeat Germany through the expenditure of copious amounts of Russian blood. Stalin wanted no part of this. Plus, he knew full well that because of the purges to the officer corps, the rapid expansion of the Red Army, and the fact it was largely untrained, unsupplied and lacking modern weaponry, it wasn’t ready to fight.
Stalin, however, did believe that sooner or later he would have a showdown with Germany, but the one thing he needed was time. Hitler needed a free hand in the east. So the cynical Non-Aggression Pact was signed. Each side knew the Pact was only good until one side or the other landed the first blow. Stalin’s plan was, as you stated, to have the Western Allies and the Germans exhaust themselves in a redux of World War I, and then he could clean up in Central and Western Europe.
What happened was the quick collapse of France. At this time, Stalin tried to appease Hitler to buy time. Since the British blockade was still in effect, Hitler’s only access to raw materials was through the Soviet Union. Stalin saw to it that the Soviets met all of Hitler’s demands in this regard. By 1942, he believed the Red Army would be ready. Not so much did he intend to actually invade Germany, but instead use economic blackmail to eventually bend them to his will in an ever increasing cycle of demands.
Stalin never intended to fight Germany in 1941. The only people who wanted to even consider that were Zhukov and to some extent Timoshenko. They drafted studies for a preemptive 1941 strike, but there is no evidence Stalin ever saw them.
As with all who tried to appease Hitler, Stalin was betrayed and attacked. Or you could look at it as a case where Hitler “hit back first.” There were no good guys in that deal. But Stalin was forced to fight Hitler with an army that wasn’t ready, and they got slaughtered. But for the mobilization scheme developed before the war by Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov, which allowed the Red Army to continuously generate new armies as fast as the Germans destroyed them, the USSR might have perished. But the Russians traded space to for the time to learn how to fight the Germans, and wear them down. It was that space that Poland and France didn’t have. A result of this strategy was a Red Army that would never be the highly honed rapier like the Germans or later the Americans. Instead, by necessity, it was a club that used brute force to bludgeon the Germans into submission. And using the club meant appalling casualties that no western democracy would have supported.
So there is the irony. Stalin wanted to avoid the game where the Western Allies sat behind the Maginot Line and defeated Hitler at the cost of copious amounts of Russian blood. To do that he cut a deal with Hitler. That deal eventually resulted in the Western Allies sitting behind the English Channel...and defeating Hitler at the cost of copious amounts of Russian blood.
Very interesting analysis! Makes sense even at 6:00 a.m. with insufficient coffee.
The whole Hitler/Stalin thing is one of those great ironies of World War II for which I have such fondness.
That their relationship 1933-1941 receives so little attention by historians causes me to believe there is more than just Molotov-Ribbentrop suddenly dropping from the sky.
Actually, the entire inter-war period of German-Soviet relations such as the Weimar circumventions at Kazan, Polyarny, Rostov, etc is a topic generally ignored by historians and is something I would like to know more about.
My own opinion is ideology notwithstanding, Germany and Russia would inevitably come to blows. Hitler really seemed to believe Germany needed to dominate Poland for "lebensraum." Russia thought it had to dominate Poland to avoid the intolerable situation of having German armies on the border of Mother Russia.
How this played out at the expense of enormous casualties especially to the Russians is something both horrifying and fascinating to students of history.