“You are only partially correct in this.”
Minor issue. Congress has not passed a budget.
The president is not required to submit a budget, though that has become common practice.
Actually, the President is required by law to submit a budget every year, normally the first Monday in February. We have always done this as long as I’ve participated in the process, but sometimes, like during the change in administrations, the process gets delayed until March or April, and one year, until May. The Congress has usually passed Continuing Resolutions, which limit what we can do in the Executive Branch, but they’ve also passed full year appropriations later. There is no requirement to pass a CR, nor to pass all of the appropriations that are needed in the form of an Omnibus. The House can pass each appropriation (there are 12 or 13, I don’t remember exactly) and send them individually to the Senate. The only Constitutional requirement is that all spending bills originate in the House.