I did some looking around, these numbers might not be completely accurate, but they are good ballparks, I think (I don’t have access to Jane’s)
Russian Total: 49 Nuclear, 19 Diesel
Nuclear-powered Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) 13
Nuclear-powered Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) 8
Nuclear-powered Attack Submarines (SSN) 19
Nuclear-powered Special Mission Submarines (SSAN) 8
Special Purpose Submarines (SSA) 1
Attack Submarines (Diesel) (SS) 19
China Total: 19 Nuclear, 52 non-nuclear (as of 2011, they probably have a couple more now)
Nuclear-powered Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) 4
Nuclear-powered Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) 8
Nuclear-powered Attack Submarines (SSN) 7
Attack Submarines (Diesel) (SS) 52 (mix of older diesels with a few modern ones mixed in)
US Total: 75 (all nuclear, all modern)
Nuclear-powered Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) 18
Nuclear-powered Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) 4
Nuclear-powered Attack Submarines (SSN) 53
Nuclear-powered Special Mission Submarines (SSAN) Unknown; possibly 2-4
Japan
Attack Submarines (Diesel) (SS) 16 (all modern)
Australia Totals
Attack Submarines (Diesel) (SS) 6 (all modern)
Those numbers are not correct, except for Australia.
Here’s what is currently available to each of the nations you listed:
Russian:
SSBN (Borei): 2
SSBN (Delta IV): 10
SSGN (Oscar): 8
SSN (Yasen):2
SSN (Akula): 8
SSN (Sierra): 4
SSK (Lada): 2
SSK (Kilo): 22
Total Nuclear: 34
Total Diesel/Electric: 24
Total Russian Subs: 58
Chinese:
SSBN (Jin): 2
SSBN (Xia): 1
SSGN: 0
SSN: (Han): 3
SSN (Shang): 4
SSK (Quing): 2
SSK (Yuan): 8
SSK (Song): 13
SSK (Kilo): 12
Total Nuclear: 10
Total Diesel Electric: 35
Total Chinese Submarines: 45
(Note: The Chinese still operate approximately 15 old, Ming class diesel electrics, so with those the total goes to 60)
US Navy Submarines:
SSBN (Ohio): 14
SSGN (Ohio): 4
SSN (Virginia): 10
SSN (Sea Wolf): 3
SSN (Los Angeles): 42
Total US Submarines 73 (All nuclear)
Japanese:
SSK (Soryu): 5
SSK (Oyashio): 11
Total Japanese Submarines: 16 (All diesel electric)
Australia Submarines:
SSK (Collins): 6
Total Australian Submarines: 6 (All diesel electric)
And lets throw in India and South Korea as well since they figure heavily into the western Pacific and have modern forces of their own.
South Korean Submarines:
SSK (Chang Bobo): 9
SSK (Sohn Wonyil): 3
Total Korean submarines: 12 (All diesel electric)
Indian Submarines
SSBN (Arihant): 1
SSN (Chakra): 1
SSK (Sindhughosh): 10
SSK (Shishumar): 4
Total Nuclear: 2
Total Diesel Electric: 14
Total Indian Submarines: 16