Did they look at all 57 states?
| State | Measure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U-1 | U-2 | U-3 | U-4 | U-5 | U-6 | |
|
United States |
4.2 | 4.2 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 14.3 |
|
Alabama |
4.0 | 3.8 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 13.0 |
|
Alaska |
2.9 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 12.4 |
|
Arizona |
3.8 | 3.6 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 9.9 | 15.7 |
|
Arkansas |
3.5 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 13.6 |
|
California |
5.4 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 18.3 |
|
Colorado |
3.7 | 3.7 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 13.8 |
|
Connecticut |
5.1 | 5.1 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 9.8 | 14.6 |
|
Delaware |
4.3 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 14.1 |
|
District of Columbia |
5.6 | 4.4 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 14.1 |
|
Florida |
4.8 | 4.5 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 15.1 |
|
Georgia |
5.1 | 4.2 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 15.6 |
|
Hawaii |
2.7 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 11.4 |
|
Idaho |
3.1 | 3.1 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 13.6 |
|
Illinois |
5.3 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 16.1 |
|
Indiana |
4.1 | 4.8 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 14.5 |
|
Iowa |
1.9 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 9.5 |
|
Kansas |
2.6 | 2.5 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 10.9 |
|
Kentucky |
4.2 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 14.3 |
|
Louisiana |
3.5 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 12.5 |
|
Maine |
3.4 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 14.2 |
|
Maryland |
3.9 | 3.8 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 12.0 |
|
Massachusetts |
3.7 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 13.3 |
|
Michigan |
4.9 | 4.7 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 16.1 |
|
Minnesota |
2.4 | 2.9 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 11.2 |
|
Mississippi |
5.0 | 4.7 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 11.1 | 15.8 |
|
Missouri |
3.7 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 12.4 |
|
Montana |
2.0 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 12.7 |
|
Nebraska |
1.7 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 8.7 |
|
Nevada |
6.1 | 5.9 | 10.4 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 19.0 |
|
New Hampshire |
2.7 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 11.1 |
|
New Jersey |
5.7 | 5.2 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 15.7 |
|
New Mexico |
4.0 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 13.7 |
|
New York |
4.9 | 4.8 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 14.2 |
|
North Carolina |
5.4 | 4.8 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 15.6 |
|
North Dakota |
1.0 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 6.2 |
|
Ohio |
3.7 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 13.5 |
|
Oklahoma |
2.2 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 10.0 |
|
Oregon |
4.2 | 4.8 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 16.9 |
|
Pennsylvania |
4.4 | 4.7 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 13.8 |
|
Rhode Island |
5.6 | 5.5 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 15.9 |
|
South Carolina |
4.5 | 4.4 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 10.5 | 15.0 |
|
South Dakota |
1.4 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 7.8 |
|
Tennessee |
3.9 | 4.1 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 14.3 |
|
Texas |
3.0 | 3.2 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 11.6 |
|
Utah |
1.9 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 10.5 |
|
Vermont |
2.0 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 10.5 |
|
Virginia |
3.0 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 11.6 |
|
Washington |
3.6 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 15.7 |
|
West Virginia |
3.9 | 4.0 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 12.5 |
|
Wisconsin |
3.5 | 3.8 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 12.9 |
|
Wyoming |
1.9 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 9.0 |
|
Substate areas |
Los Angeles County |
|||||
| 6.0 | 5.7 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 20.5 | |
|
New York City |
5.9 | 5.4 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 15.1 |
For the 4-quarter average period ending in June 2013, Nevada had the highest rates for all six alternative measures of labor underutilization. Nevada’s rates ranged from a U-2 of 5.9 percent to a U-6 of 19.0 percent, including a CPS-based unemployment rate, U-3, of 10.4 percent. The next highest U-3 rates were in California and Rhode Island, 9.5 percent each. After Nevada, these two states ranked among the highest six rates for each of the other alternative measures.
North Dakota continued to have the lowest rates for all six measures, ranging from a U-1 of 1.0 percent to a U-6 of 6.2 percent, including a U-3 of 3.2 percent. South Dakota and Nebraska had the next lowest U-3 rates, 4.1 and 4.2 percent, respectively, and they also ranked second and third for the remaining measures, respectively. Eleven other states had U-3 values of less than 6.0 percent over the latest 4-quarter period: Vermont, 4.8 percent; Iowa and Utah, 4.9 percent each; Hawaii and Wyoming, 5.0 percent each; Minnesota, 5.3 percent; Oklahoma, 5.4 percent; Montana, 5.5 percent; New Hampshire, 5.6 percent; and Kansas and Virginia, 5.7 percent each.
Florida, Nevada, and South Carolina had the largest gaps between their U-3 and U-4 rates, +0.9 percentage point each. The U-4 rate includes discouraged workers, so the difference between U-3 and U-4 reflects the degree of would-be job-seeker discouragement. At the national level, the gap between U-3 and U-4 over this time period was +0.5 percentage point. Iowa, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, and Wyoming had the smallest gap between their U-3 and U-4 rates, +0.2 percentage point each, indicating relatively low incidences of discouragement.
In addition to the marginally attached, who are included in U-5, involuntary part-time workers are included in U-6. The larger the difference between the U-5 and U-6 measures, the higher the incidence of this form of "underemployment." California posted the largest gap between its U-5 and U-6 rates, +7.2 percentage points, followed by Oregon, +7.0 points. North Dakota registered the smallest difference between its U-5 and U-6 rates, +2.3 percentage points, indicating a comparatively low degree of involuntary part-time employment.
Overall, states experienced more declines than increases in the alternative measures relative to the prior 4-quarter average period, reflecting the continuing improvement in the national labor market. The measures with the largest numbers of decreases were U-2, with 32 states showing declines, and U-1, with 31 states and the District of Columbia showing declines. Twenty-six states had decreases in U-4 and U-6, the measures with the fewest numbers of declines. The largest decreases for each measure occurred in: U-1, South Carolina (-0.6 percentage point); U-2, Washington (-0.7 point); U-3, Alabama, Hawaii, and South Carolina (-0.7 point each); U-4 and U-5, Alabama and South Carolina (-0.6 point each for both measures); and U-6, Rhode Island (-0.8 point). Altogether, 21 states experienced decreases in all six measures.
For each measure, between 9 and 15 states plus the District of Columbia had increases from the previous period, with the largest number of increases occurring in the U-3 measure. The largest increases for each measure occurred in: U-1, Kentucky (+0.3 percentage point); U-2, Nebraska (+0.2 point); U-3, Massachusetts (+0.4 point); U-4, Kentucky and Massachusetts (+0.4 point each); U-5, Massachusetts (+0.5 point); and U-6, Kentucky and Massachusetts (+0.5 point each). Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Missouri had increases in all six measures relative to the previous period.