They all produce emissions. Even battery power(in manufacturing). At the tail pipe, where it counts, they are the same. 20+psi compression ratio’s makes for a very efficient engine and shouldn’t be discounted.
All modes of transportation produce some pollution when the whole supply chain is looked at.
That is an obvious fact.
But some produce less than others.
Those running on electricity produced by natural gas, sunlight, nuclear,wind and yes even coal produce less on American energy sources.
And don’t feed the OPEC-Al Qaeda terrorist complex.