The Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as previously noted. And furthermore the Fourteenth, as a subsequent enactment, takes precedence over the Tenth. See also section 5 of the Fourteenth granting to Congress the power to enact appropriate legislation to enforce the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. That necessarily includes the power to distinguish between citizens and mere persons. The Fourteenth can also be a treasure trove for Congressional liberal mischief as any conservative or historian may readily recognize. OTOH, the amendment says what it means and means what it says. The private letters of its sponsors or their speeches, in the absence of ambiguity in the text, are strictly irrelevant.
By your reasoning concerning the the order of amendments, our 1st Amendment protections are the weakest of our constitutional protections.