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I tend to look at it the other way around...it clarifies exactly what happens if your friend was bent over mooning someone...2 inches of penetration give or take with #8 birdshot. That is on bare skin.
I love the BoT site, but have always questioned tests with a layer or two of denim as being a really good representation of clothing. Of course all tests are really an approximation...even the gelatin. With Denim tests, first they almost always put it directly against the medium (not hanging loosely 1/2 inch in front, they rarely test with other materials like a down jacket or insulated coveralls etc.
Using the bare gelatin tests, with over penetration dry wall tests, the BoT tests etc, for me the absolute smallest I would go is #4 birdshot (.13 diameter shot) with a preference for the next size up that is readily available, #4 buckshot (.24 diameter). If I could find it, I think BB or T (.18 - .20) is probably the best home defense indoor (10-15 foot range) shot. It will penetrate clothing sufficiently and a miss does not go through too many walls. I would have first two rounds of T followed by two rounds of #1 buckshot (.30) with the theory that if I am still shooting after two rounds I am no longer as concerned about penetration and my initial adrenaline rush/nerves will have quieted somewhat and scenario will either be point-blank range or in a defensive position/posture hopefully with time to consider what is behind the target and well aimed shots.

I see the BOT tests to determine stopping power after the decision to use deadly force.

Most recommend shooting at the body mass, rarely is that bare skin.

Granted we wear pretty light layers here in Houston during the summer. But people don’t typically swap ammo choices for summer versus winter. So I want to know results as if I was shooting through a jacket.

I suspect it matters less outside of birdshot when the projectiles individually have more significant mass.

I think birdshot is useful if you want to scare someone into stopping their attack. Buckshot and larger is better for eliminating the choice from the attacker and ending it completely.