Both as it turns out. Problem with Krakatau is it didn't blow up in the critical time period ~ but it may have STARTED something that an eruption in Iceland amplified ~ kind of like there's two football players. One guy is placing the ball. The next one kicked it. Who got the fieldgoal? Well, the team got the fieldgoal!!!
I think we have eyewitness accounts of a near miss by a comet right there at the beginning. King Ad, Lady Guinivir, Saint Gildas and others saw it!