Posted on 10/15/2011 8:52:58 AM PDT by Kevmo
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464
1875-3892 © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Institute for Advanced studies in Space,
Propulsion and Energy Sciences
doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.08.040
Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum - 2011
The Flow of Energy
F. Znidarsica*, G. A. Robertsonb
aRegistered Professional Engineer in the state of Pennsylvania, Johnstown, PA 15906
bInstitute for Advanced Studies in the Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences, 265 Ita Ann, Madison, AL 35757
Abstract
In this paper, the flow of energy in materials is presented as mechanical waves with a distinct velocity or speed of
transition. This speed of transition came about through the observations of cold fusion experiments, i.e., Low
Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) and superconductor gravity experiments, both assumed speculative by
mainstream science. In consideration of superconductor junctions, the LENR experiments have a similar speed of
transition, which seems to imply that the reactions in the LENR experiment are discrete quantized reactions
(energy - burst vs. continuous). Here an attempt is made to quantify this new condition as it applies to electrons;
toward the progression of quantized energy flows (discrete energy burst) as a new source of clean energy and
force mechanisms (i.e, propulsion) .
© 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Institute for
Advanced Studies in the Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences
PACS: 32.30, 33.20
Keywords: Photon; Energy; Low Level Nuclear Reactions Quantum; Planck constant; Superconductors; Gravitational Anomaly
1. Introduction
Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material; where 1) Only the energy propagates; 2) The
oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; and 3) The wave travels by
jumping from one particle of the medium to another. Therefore; mechanical waves transport energy and
not material. However; a mechanical wave requires an initial energy input to be created. But once the
initial energy is added; the wave will travel through the medium until all the energy has been transferred .
Recent observation of the speed of transition (a measure of the flow of energy) within speculative
experiments seems to indicate a mechanical wave within the atomic nucleus that is discrete or quantized .
This leads to the proposal of a new quantum condition; where Planck’s constant emerges as a condition
*Corresponding author. Tel.: 814-535-5302; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
E-mail address: fznidarsic@aol.com
© 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Institute for Advanced
studies in Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences
458 F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464
on the speed of the electronic wave within the electronic structure of the atom. Whereby; the speed of a
transverse electronic wave equals the speed of a longitudinal mechanical wave within the nuclear
structure .
Nomenclature
re = 2.818 x 10 15 (the classical radius of the electron (meters))
c f = 1.236 x 1020 (the Compton frequency (Hertz))
max F = 29.05 (the electrical charge force maximum (Newtons))
e m = 9.109 x 10 31 (the mass of the electron (kg))
h r = 0.529 x 10 10 (the radius of the hydrogen atom (meters))
n r = 1.36 x 10 15 (the nuclear Fermi spacing (meters))
t V = 1.094 x 106 (the transitional velocity (meters/second))
However for new phenomena to occur; the energy procuring the mechanical wave needs to be
discrete (quantum) burst versa a (classical) continuous emission; thereof. Whereby; the high energy flow
must occur in one burst; without bounce; and without destroying the system. This paper is an attempt to
quantify this new quantum condition as it applies generally to electrons .
2. New Observational Speed Of Mechanical Waves
Two experiments seem to have similarities in their speed of transition; the Low Energy Nuclear
Reactions (LENR) [1] and superconductor gravity experiments [2; 3]; both assumed speculative by
mainstream science. The LENR experiment is discussed in the following to establish the equation for the
speed of transition followed by a brief mentioning on the superconductor gravity experiments with an
analysis given later in the paper .
2.1. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Thermal energy; nuclear transmutations (to include transmutation of heavy elements); and a few high
energy particles have reportedly been produced during cold fusion experiments; i.e.; Low Energy Nuclear
Reactions (LENR); to include the reported transmutation of heavy elements [4]. According to
contemporary theory [5]; heavy element transmutations can only progress at energies in the millions of
electron volts. However; the available energy at room temperature is only a fraction of an electron volt .
Whereby; these experimental results do not fit within the confine of the contemporary theoretical
constructs; being widely criticized on this basis. Further; LENR experiments [6] have produced very
little; if no; radiation; another source of contention. However it is suggested that nuclear reactions can
proceed without producing radiation under a condition where the range of the nuclear spin-orbit force is
extends through the coulombic barrier. Whereby; the process of cold fusion may require a radical
restructuring of the range and strength of the natural forces. The condition of the active nuclear
environment provides some clues .
Low level nuclear reactions proceed in the domain of the reactions 50 5 10 8 N r ~ nm i.e., m ; where
there is a positive thermal coefficient of frequency N f or angular frequency 2 1013 to 1014 N N f ~ Hz .
The product 2 N N N N r f r then implies a speed t V of transition on the order of ~ 106 m s . That is; a
F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464 459
transitional speed
2 2 c x x
t xx
i i i
f n r
V nr c
n n
(1)
with the thermal frequency N f expressed as a fraction i n of the Compton frequency c i f c . Noting
that for 1 236 1020 c f . Hz and 2 x e N r r r with x i n n ; the speed of transition 1 0942 106 t V . m s .
Equation (1) then defines the speed of the mechanical wave within the dissolved deuterium of the
low level nuclear reactions with respect to discrete distances x x n r and particle wavelengths i i n ; where
with 5 10 8 x N r r ~ m the ratio x i n n is of the order of 10 24 ; indicating that i x n n in these nuclear
reactions .
In classical mechanic; t V c ; such that; 1
x x 2 i i n r n or x i n n . That is; classically the reaction range x r
is defined by a given material and the wavelength i
by the particle in motion through the material. Here it is
postulated that when the particle wavelength i i n becomes discrete (quantized); so must the reaction range x x n r .
Whereby; energy flow also becomes discrete (quantized); i.e.; energy burst vs. continuous flow; which could
produce higher energy flow for brief periods than normally seen in classical systems; leading to new phenomenon of
study .
3. Superconductor Analogy
For example; superconductors are discrete (quantized) electron systems. Superconductor Josephson
junctions or layers existed on order of a few 10 9 J nm r ~ m . Robertson [7] indications that the
superconductor electron pair fluctuation time is ~ 1014 s ; which implies (under normal conditions) a
maximum electron angular frequency 1014 e ~ Hz or electron fluctuation frequency 2 1014 e f ~ Hz .
Whereby; the product 2 e J J e r r f implies a speed t V of transition (i.e.; the separation speed required
to release the electron pairing energy in order to cross the junction) on the order of ~ 106 m s .
Further; Li and Torr [8] and Torr and Li [9] published calculations of the propagation behavior of
gravitational waves inside a superconductor (SC). They claimed that the phase velocity of gravitational
waves in any SC material would be ~ 106 m s . That is; the speed of gravitational energy through the
superconductor is the transitional speed as defined by equation (1) .
3.1. Superconductor Gravitational Anomaly
In the early 1990’s; a team lead by Podkletnov [2; 3] using a two layer high Tc superconducting disk;
reportedly produced a strong gravitational anomaly; which does not appear to fit within the contemporary
scientific construct – the generation of a strong local gravitational field seems to violate the conservation
laws .
3.2. Summary
The similarity in the speed of transition to the superconductor would seem to imply that the reactions
(energy burst) in the LENR experiments were discrete and on the order of electron pairing energy .
Further; the implications of the two speculative (LENR & Gravity Anomaly) experiments appear to place
a minimum velocity with respect to distance and time from which “free” energy (i.e.; vacuum energy;
dark energy or etc.) can be pulled from the subatomic scale ( ~ 10 9m ) interactions. This new
understandings of the progression of an energy flow may lead to new sources of clean energy and force
460 F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464
mechanisms (i.e; propulsion) .
4. The Speed of a Mechanical Wave within the Nucleus
Potential energy is given as
1 2
2
2 e x E K r . (2)
By letting the electron elastic constant e K emerge from the maximum electron force 29 1 max F . N
between the redistribution of electrons at an average distance x r being of close proximity to the nucleus;
it is can become discrete and given as
max
e
x x
F
K
n r
; (3)
where in classical systems 1 x n .
Now by noting that; the electron elastic constant e K equals that of the strong nuclear force at points
where the expansive electromagnetic force balances the compressive strong nuclear force and expelling
the electrical force to the circumference of the nucleus; the discrete speed t V of transition becomes a
product of the frequency of a harmonic oscillator and a displacement; i.e;
2
i i i
t
i
n K
V
m
; (4)
where i indicates a given particle of mass i m and wavelength 2 i i r [in classical systems 1 i n ] .
For classical neutron with mass 1.6749 10 27 nm kg ; radius 1.36 10 15 i x n r r r x m and
1 i x n n n n ; then equations (3) and (4) can be combined to yield speed of a mechanical wave within
the nucleus as
1 1 6
2 1 0932 10
2 2
max
t n
n n
F
V r . m s
r m
; (5)
a product of the harmonic motion of the neutrons at a displacement equal to the Fermi spacing n r [the
neutrons radius] .
5. Electron Speed Of Transition
Equations (1) and (5) imply that the energy in an atom emerges as a classical affect of a condition
where the speed of light within the electronic structure of the atom equals the speed of a mechanical wave
within its nuclear structure; where the equalization of velocities aligns the impedance of the interacting
states. This impedance match allows energy to be exchanged; without reflection; and the quantum
transition to progress .
Modes of differing impedance are evanescent and block the flow of energy. Such that; from the
photo-electric effect; the speed of quantum transition of an emitted photon of frequency i f can be given as
t i i V f ; (6)
F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464 461
where the energy of a photon emerges from the interaction on the transitional wavelength i
to produce
an electrical charge of wavelength e . The simultaneous emergence of both the photon’s frequency and
electron energy is fundamental to Bohr’s principle of complementarity; reconciling the duality of particles
and waves .
When dealing with electron potential energy; capacitance must first be defined as a function of the
geometry. By letting the area swept out by a light wave equal to its wavelength squared and setting the
distance between the peaks in the wave’s amplitude equal to one half wavelength; the capacitance
experienced by such a cycle of light is given as
2
1
2
o e
e
e
C
. (7)
The reduction of equation (7) expresses the geometry of the transitional quantum state in terms of its
electrical capacitance as
C 2eoe . (8)
Combining equations (6) and (8) expresses the capacitance of the transitional quantum state in terms
of its frequency as
2 t
o
e
V
C e
f
. (9)
The energy of electron charges is expressed in terms of its capacitance as
1 2
2
Q
E
C
; (10)
which when combined with equation (9) gives the photo-electric energy as
2
4
e
o t
Q f
E
e V
. (11)
Now since the photoelectric energy relationship to the electric charge is give by
2 e e E hf f ; (12)
whereby; combing equations (11) and (12) gives photo-electric speed of transition
2 2
1 0938 106
4 8 t
o o
Q Q
V . m s
e h e
(13)
for a single charge Q e 1.60 10 19C ; showing that the Planck constant emerges as a condition on the
speed of transition of electrons in a bulk mass .
6. Electron Orbital Radius
It is proposed here that the quantum structure of the atom is established at points of energetic
accessibility. These points; of matching impedance; are qualified by setting the speed t V of a mechanical
wave in the nuclear environment equal to the speed of light within the electronic structure; were
462 F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464
Vt eror enxrB . (14)
where 5 29 10 11 Br . m is the bohr radius. That is; the product of the electron’s angular frequency e
and
its orbital radius or x B r n r .
Now by letting e e r and i e n n ; the electron speed of transition can be given from equation (4) as
2
e e e
t
e
n r K
V
m
. (15)
Combining equations (3) and (15) then gives the speed of transition as
1 6
1 0938 10
2
e e max
t
x B e
n r F
V . m s
n r m
. (16)
where the value infers the classical speed of transition with 1 x e n n . Equation (16) then yields
2 2
max e p 2 max p 2
or B B e e h
e t e t
F n r F r
r nr n n r
M V M V
. (17)
As it was then noticed that
2
5 29 10 11 max p
h
e t
F r
. m r
M V
; (18)
where h r is the ground state radius of the hydrogen atom. Whereby; the electron orbital radius or r is a
square multiple of the number e n of electrons times the ground state radius h r of the hydrogen atom .
7. The Classical Debroglie Wave And The Transitional Frequency
De Broglie [10] suggested that the matter wave naturally emerges; from the superposition of the
Compton wave and its Doppler shifted refection; given by
2 2 1
c c
v
f ( t ) sin f t sin f t
c
. (19)
Here we let
2 2 1
c c
v
f t f t
c
(20)
and replace the Compton frequency with its contemporary value of the Compton frequency to yield
2 2
i i 1 i m c m c v
t t
c
; (21)
where i v is the particulate mass velocity. Equation (21) can be further deduced to yield
i i
ct
m v
. (22)
F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464 463
This result implies that the deBroglie wave of matter be given as
2
d
i i m v
. (23)
Combining equation (23) with equation (6) yields the speed of transition as
2 i
t
i i
f
V
m v
. (24)
Equation (24) specifically applies for the electrons of mass mi me ; such that; when the mechanical
wave equals the electronic wave; the particulate velocity i v is equal to the photo-electric speed of
transition; equation (13). Combining equations (13) and (24) for the electron; where Q e and i e f f ;
then gives
2 4 o
t e
e
e
V f
e m
; (25)
where equation (25) can be applied to any electron transitional state and establishes the baseline
frequency needed to obtain the transition speed; where
2
4
e
e t
o
m e
f V
e
; (26)
Which for 1 0938 106 t V . m s ; 1 6448 1015 e f . Hz ; which is of the range of the LENR; but about twice
that of the gravitational anomaly experiments .
7.1. Superconductor Analogy
For the electron pair ( 2 e n ); the frequency the transitional speed t 2e x e e x V r f n r . Combining this
with equations (25); yields
2 4
2 o
J
e
e
r
e m
; (27)
the junction spacing required for a transition speed of 106 t V ~ m s . Then for e 3.2 10 19 C ;
1.05457 10-34 J s ; 12
0 e 8.85 10 A s / V m and =9 11 10 31 e m . kg ; equation (27) yields
1 3300 10 9 m xr . ; which is the ballpark estimate for the Josephson junction gap distance in
superconductors; i.e.; the range of range of electron pair energy transition 8. Conclusion
The concept of a speed of transition was presented. Indications are that at speeds of transitions at or
greater than ~ 106 m s new phenomena can occur. The similarity in the speed of transition between the
speculative Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) and Gravity Anomaly experiments appear to place a
minimum velocity with respect to distance and time from which “free” energy (i.e.; vacuum energy; dark
energy or etc.) can be pulled from the subatomic scale ( ~ 10 9m ) interactions. This new understandings of
the progression of an energy flow may lead to new sources of clean energy and force mechanisms (i.e; propulsion).
464 F. Znidarsic and G.A. Robertson / Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457–464
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3. Podkletnov; E. and Modanese; G.; Investigation of High Voltage Discharges in Low Pressure Gases through
Large Ceramic Superconducting Electrodes; Journal of Low Temperature Physics 2003 132(3/4):3 .
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Society B 1957 70:6 .
6. Mosier-Boss; P. A.; Szpak; S.; Gordon; F. E. and Forsley; L. P. G.; Use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition
experiments; Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2007 40:293-303 .
7. Robertson; G. A.; Quantum Effects in the Type II Superconductor that Lead to Power Radiated in Gravitational
Waves; to be in the ebook Gravity-Superconductors Interaction: Theory and Experiment 2010; Bentham ebooks;
Bentham Science Publishers; (planned release in 2011) .
8. Li; N. and Torr; D. G.; Gravitational effects on the Magnetic Attenuation of Superconductors; Physical Review
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10. de Broglie; L.; Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory); Thesis; Paris; 1924.
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And are these the folks doing the peer review? Or what is their role?:
Institute For Advanced Studies In The Space, Propulsion And Energy Sciences in Madison, AL is a private company categorized under Education Centers. Our records show it was established in and incorporated in Alabama. Current estimates show this company has an annual revenue of $17,594 and employs a staff of approximately 4. Companies like Institute For Advanced Studies In The Space, Propulsion And Energy Sciences usually offer: Bilingual Special Education, Early Childhood Special Education, Elementary Special Education, Grants For Special Education and High School Special Education.
(www.manta.com/.../institute-for-advanced-studies-in-the-space-propu)
Whole lotta pimpin' going on... '-}
Two kooky ideas for the price of reading one poorly formatted post.
Let’s see you do better, Moonboy.
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRx_mUz8b4w7owNrEA23pIwtwSjExMtTDy9lzKVYv3t__of8KXwvypEeG4
Not if it’s a simple typo where ‘procuring’ = ‘producing’.
Totally unacceptable in a supposedly "peer-reviewed" paper. Speaks volumes about the quality of the journal and its editors...
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