We could, but we'd take a huge hit to our wealth and power as a result.
In fact that is how we used to be and tariffs were the main source of revenue for our young Federal Govt. Alcohol and tobacco taxes were also important.
We ought to go back to supporting the government solely with consumption taxes, but they should be structured so as not to discriminate against imports or types of goods (I like my microbrews and my single malts, thank you very much!).
Running 400-700 billion dollar trade deficits are not how a nation becomes wealthy unless you think charging (on your credit card) all kinds of things you can't pay for is intelligent