Worth remembering that - in particular Verdun; where, at enormous cost, the French successfully withstood the most powerful assault in the history of warfare up to that time.
And if it was not for Charles Martel, Western Europe would have been Islam a long time ago. Some of my surname Scottish ancestors were convicted of treason by the English. A couple for conspiring with the French. Back then, the Scottish Guards were an elite unit guarding the French King.
French Fort Douaumont on the Verdun line. The walls of the fort are almost a mile across from each other.
...
........Before the battle........................................................................After the battle.
Gives the term "waffle" a new meaning.