They are currently called liberals and conservatives.. but a rose is a rose by any name.. I believe the same is true in any culture, dialect, or language.. Also spoken by the meme of, first reality, and second reality.. Could be any culture has these realitys at any time its just the words used for the public and private man is changed..
I submit that there may be other words to express this dicotamy concurrently used harboring different aspects of the divide.. like at the same time some may be, democrats vs republicans, liberal vs conservative, evolutionists vs creationists, capitalist vs socialist, or even more dualities that I cannot grasp as I write this..
And that even the most remote tribe will have these dualities working in the culture..
I submit the "classical way" from Heraclitus to Plato and Aristotle to look at this problem involves the discrimination of First and Second realities. The "public man" lives in First Reality; the "private man" has turned aside from First Reality, opting for some "more pleasant" dream world of a Second Reality.
Perhaps the most famous example of a "private man" dreaming a Second Reality is Karl Marx....
For a Second Reality to gain strength is toxic to a free and just society.