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Big Earthquakes Spark Jolts Worldwide
Science Daily ^ | 5-26-2008 | University of Utah

Posted on 05/26/2008 10:49:44 AM PDT by blam

Big Earthquakes Spark Jolts Worldwide

ScienceDaily (May 26, 2008) — Until 1992, when California's magnitude-7.3 Landers earthquake set off small jolts as far away as Yellowstone National Park, scientists did not believe large earthquakes sparked smaller tremors at distant locations. Now, a definitive study shows large earthquakes routinely trigger smaller jolts worldwide, including on the opposite side of the planet and in areas not prone to quakes.

"Previously it was thought seismically active regions or geothermal areas were most vulnerable to large earthquake triggers," says Kris Pankow, a seismologist at the University of Utah Seismograph Stations and a co-author of the new study.

But Pankow and colleagues analyzed 15 major earthquakes stronger than magnitude-7.0 since 1992, and found that at least 12 of them triggered small quakes hundreds and even thousands of miles away, according to the findings published online May 25, 2008 in the journal Nature Geoscience.

"We conclude that dynamic triggering is a ubiquitous phenomenon," they wrote.

Pankow conducted the study with seismologist Aaron Velasco and undergraduate student Stephen Hernandez, both at the University of Texas at El Paso; and seismologist Tom Parsons, of U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.

They analyzed data from more than 500 seismic recording stations five hours before and five hours after earthquakes that registered more than 7.0 on the "moment magnitude" scale, which scientists say is the most accurate scale for large earthquakes. (The frequently cited Richter scale measures only relatively small, nearby quakes).

The data -- obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, a consortium of universities -- included 15 major earthquakes from 1992 through 2006, including the 1992 Landers quake in California 800 miles southwest of Yellowstone, the magnitude-7.9 Denali fault quake in Alaska in 2002, and the magnitude-9.2 Sumatra-Andaman Islands quake near Indonesia in 2004 that generated a catastrophic tsunami blamed for most of the quake's 227,898 deaths in South Asia and East Africa.

Scientists previously noted that those three major quakes triggered not only nearby aftershocks, but small quakes at great distances. The new study is the first to systematically analyze all the world's big quakes during 1992-2006 and find that most of them triggered distant, smaller tremors. These are different than aftershocks, which occur fairly close to the main quake. After the devastating 2004 Sumatra earthquake, triggered quakes even occurred in Ecuador, on the opposite side of the Earth.

Earthquakes Release Waves of Energy

When an earthquake begins, energy is released in the form of shock waves that move through the ground. The first waves are called P or pressure waves, which move at high speed with an up-and-down motion. The next waves are S or shear waves. These move from side to side, causing much damage from an earthquake. The next waves are two types of surface waves: Love waves move in a shearing fashion, followed by Rayleigh waves, which have a rolling motion.

Pankow and colleagues showed that magnitude-4 or smaller seismic events often are triggered when either Love or Rayleigh waves from a major quake pass a given point.

"We can recognize the different kinds of waves as they pass and can filter out everything except the small seismic events, which are presumed to be local small earthquakes," says Pankow.

There are about 600 small seismic events around the Earth every five minutes. For five hours after the arrival of Love waves from a major quake, the researchers saw a 37 percent increase in the number of small quakes worldwide. And after Rayleigh waves from the same large quake followed the Love waves, the number of small quakes worldwide shot up by 60 percent during the five hours after the major quake.

"It is interesting that Rayleigh and Love waves, two very different types of surface waves, are both able to trigger these events," says Pankow.

In addition to the 1992 Landers, 2002 Denali and 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Islands quakes, the other 12 major quakes in the study (and their moment magnitudes) were: 1998 Balleny Island near Antarctica (8.1), 1999 Izmit, Turkey (7.6), 1999 Hector Mine, Calif. (7.1), 2000 New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (8.0), 2001 Peru (8.4), 2001 Kunlun, China (7.8), 2003 Hokkaido, Japan (8.3), 2003 Siberia, Russia (7.3), 2004 Macquarie Ridge, near New Zealand (8.1), 2005 Sumatra, Indonesia (8.7), 2006 Java, Indonesia (7.7) and 2006 Kuril Islands, Russia (8.3).

Only the Hector Mine, Siberia, and Kuril Islands quakes did not show triggering events in the study. But it is known from previous studies that the Hector Mine earthquake indeed triggered smaller quakes near California's Salton Sea. Those were not included in the study, because they were within about 680 miles of the main shock's epicenter. Researchers excluded triggered quakes within that distance to avoid counting aftershocks in the same category as more distant triggered quakes.

How do the surface waves trigger small earthquakes at distant locations?

"The physical mechanism is not known," says Pankow. "It has been proposed that the passage of the waves may change the water flow in a fault, possibly increasing the number of conduits that water can flow through which could cause the fault to slip."

Other theories are that surface waves may increase the strain on a fault, or loosen a fault so that it prematurely breaks or slides, she adds.

The study was funded by the United States Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation, Pankow says.

Adapted from materials provided by University of Utah.


TOPICS: News/Current Events
KEYWORDS: catastrophism; earthquakes; jolts; quakes; tremors
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1 posted on 05/26/2008 10:54:05 AM PDT by blam
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To: blam

What’s shakin’, Blam?


2 posted on 05/26/2008 10:55:54 AM PDT by SIDENET (Hubba Hubba...)
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To: SunkenCiv; Fred Nerks

This map of the world shows seismic stations that detected more than twice the normal number of small, nearby earthquakes after the passage of what are known as "surface waves" from major quakes that were centered hundreds to thousands of miles away and occurred from 1992 through 2006. A new study co-authored by University of Utah seismologist Kris Pankow found that at least 12 of the 15 major earthquakes (greater than magnitude-7) during 1992-2006 triggered small quakes in distant parts of the world. Scientists once believed big quakes could not trigger distant tremors. (Credit: Aaron Velasco, University of Texas at El Paso)

3 posted on 05/26/2008 10:56:53 AM PDT by blam
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To: blam
large earthquakes routinely trigger smaller jolts worldwide, including on the opposite side of the planet

The angle is 120 degrees. It may work its way around to 180 degrees. The whole planet shakes for several days after a major quake and they seem to resonate according to the natural frequencies as standing waves. 1/3 seems more sustainable than 1/2. Ask your local percussionist.

4 posted on 05/26/2008 10:58:15 AM PDT by RightWhale (You are reading this now)
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To: SIDENET
"What’s shakin’, Blam?"

Look at the west coast of the US on the map in post #3.

5 posted on 05/26/2008 10:58:32 AM PDT by blam
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Comment #6 Removed by Moderator

To: F15Eagle

More data for quakes below 4.0 in N America.


7 posted on 05/26/2008 11:03:48 AM PDT by RightWhale (You are reading this now)
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Comment #8 Removed by Moderator

To: F15Eagle

I expected the west coast to be dense - I live in Alaska and lived in California. Also the New Madrid (I was there for the recent quake). I really didn’t think we were that unique; I expected to see more density in others points around the globe.


9 posted on 05/26/2008 11:10:45 AM PDT by ArmyTeach (Live pure, speak true, right wrong and follow The King. (Tennyson))
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To: blam

Ok, now here’s another exercise:

If a Chixulub size asteroid hits the earth, and rings the planet like a bell, would it trigger earthquakes and vulcanism world wide?

Second exercise:

If: “It has been proposed that the passage of the waves may change the water flow in a fault, possibly increasing the number of conduits that water can flow through which could cause the fault to slip.”

Then: Could disturbance of the aquifers expose the water to fresh mineral surfaces and “make a third of the waters bitter”?


10 posted on 05/26/2008 11:12:52 AM PDT by null and void (Capitalism=Volkswagon, Audi, Porsche, BMW. |WALL| Communism=Trabi. Any questions?)
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To: blam
"It is interesting that Rayleigh and Love waves, two very different types of surface waves, are both able to trigger these events," says Pankow.

It's been my experience that Love Waves trigger lots of different events.

11 posted on 05/26/2008 11:15:18 AM PDT by gitmo (From now on, ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which I will not put.)
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To: RightWhale

120°???

Oh crap.

Unless I’m much mistaken, 65 MYA that was the angle between Chixulub and the Deccan Traps!


12 posted on 05/26/2008 11:15:40 AM PDT by null and void (Capitalism=Volkswagon, Audi, Porsche, BMW. |WALL| Communism=Trabi. Any questions?)
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To: ArmyTeach; F15Eagle

Ummmmm, it’s most dense where there are more seismic stations...


13 posted on 05/26/2008 11:17:30 AM PDT by null and void (Capitalism=Volkswagon, Audi, Porsche, BMW. |WALL| Communism=Trabi. Any questions?)
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To: blam
Scientists once believed big quakes could not trigger distant tremors.

There is a small area of Washington D.C., known for events of shocking stupidity. When such an event occurs, we feel the effects way out here in Idaho...

14 posted on 05/26/2008 11:17:56 AM PDT by bigheadfred (FREE EVAN VELA, freeevanvela.com)
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To: blam

I’ve only been in small EQs, up to 6.5 Richter Scale. All I know is the sliding glass door windows turned to something that looked like liquid. Pool overflowed. Things like that. Everything in the house that had more weight on top than bottom had been wired to studs.

Not in AZ. We just have to worry about things falling from the sky such as asteroids.

I love your threads, blam!


15 posted on 05/26/2008 11:41:42 AM PDT by Slip18
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To: null and void

Looks about that on my Replogle.


16 posted on 05/26/2008 12:08:34 PM PDT by RightWhale (You are reading this now)
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To: RightWhale; weighted Companion Cube

Interesting. I think you’re on to something here!

BTW, I was yapping with weighted Companion Cube yesterday, and realized that we already have proof that there was life on Mars.

Mars is red because the soil is covered with rust.

On earth, we had seas green with elemental iron. Rust didn’t happen until photosynthesis started dumping raw oxygen into the atmosphere. (It was our planet’s first ecological catastrophe).

So, how did Mars end up with enough free oxygen to rust the entire surface? The only model we have for converting a primordial methane/carbon-dioxide/dihydrogen-monoxide atmosphere into an oxidizing atmosphere requires life...


17 posted on 05/26/2008 12:21:39 PM PDT by null and void (Capitalism=Volkswagon, Audi, Porsche, BMW. |WALL| Communism=Trabi. Any questions?)
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To: null and void

APOD

The oxygen that rusts the surface iron on Mars originates predominantly from carbon dioxide gas, which composes 95% of the Martian atmosphere.


Given enough time


18 posted on 05/26/2008 12:29:04 PM PDT by RightWhale (You are reading this now)
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To: blam

I have no problems following this logic with or without the number crunching: It makes sense.


19 posted on 05/26/2008 6:40:36 PM PDT by Alia
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To: blam
December 21, 2012.


20 posted on 05/26/2008 6:43:58 PM PDT by airborne (LETS GO PENS!!! LETS GO PENS!!! LETS GO PENS!!! WOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!)
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