[Locomotive Breath]

And if there weren’t affirmative action, we could attribute the success of a black person to what?

[Shade2]

So the existence of affirmative action means that all or even most successful blacks are successful only because of it?

Just face it. AA is a tool that many use to discredit any achievement by a black person. If it didn't exist, they would find some other means to discredit such achievements.