First, you have to ask "Do Mormons consider THEMSELVES to be Christians?" For many years, they wanted NOTHING to do with Christians and insisted they weren't Christians. Now, they want to be considered "mainstream" Christianity.
In answers to the questions you did ask, I would say that if you asked most Mormons "Do you consider Catholics, Protestants to be Christians?", they would say "yes".
As for non-Mormons going to heaven, that's "yes" and "no". Mormons actually believe in 3 heavens, with only faithful Mormons obtaining the highest heaven, in which they believe they'll become "gods" like their "Heavenly Father". Well, at least the men will become gods. The women will stay in the background and spit out spiritual children from their physical bodies. How does a physical body give "birth" to a spirit?
Anyway, "good" non-Mormons will get one of the lower heavens, but are merely "ministering servants" for those in the upper heaven. For a Mormon, anything less than the highest heaven is failure.