And this exact line is usually used (here on FR, plenty) to justify every kind of tax, including income tax. Because conveniently, that is exactly the context of the story.
Oh, there are so many ways Christians use Christ to justify their behavior!
I doubt that anyone on FR uses that scripture to justify adding a tax. If someone has and I missed it, they were wrong.
The verse does say we should pay a tax if it is levied. Doesn't mean we shouldn't work within the system to try to get the tax revoked.