The parable of the 10 virgins is not a polygamist parable. Jesus was talking about the kingdom of heaven.
Then why didn't he just say that? "Hey y'all. I'm talking about Heaven now. So don't y'all think you can have 10 virgins a piece or anything."
Just asking.
L
Jesus was making an illustration, just as he did in that chapter about the Ten Talents, but nevertheless it does use a polygamist analogy in a polygamist society.
I will note that the upper classes of Jerusalem were more Romanized (the Romans tended to have one wife and a few slaves boys and women) so polygamy probably wasn’t as common with the upper classes but it was common among the religious people and the laboring/farming peoples of Israel. You see the same thing in Islamic countries today.