[robertpaulsen]

"Madison is saying what he said - that the power to regulated commerce was 'not intended ..."

Be careful there. You putting words in his mouth.

Read your own quote. Madison is talking about commerce conflicts between states, not some general federal regulation involving interstate commerce among all the states.

"It was never intended to become the "catch-all" blank check it has become."

Yet Madison admits that the power could be lodged there. Again I ask. What's your point?

[tacticalogic]

He was say it had to be lodged there. Only the federal government could effectively resolve and enforce the resolution of conflicts between states. And he is indeed talking about commerce among all the states.

Going by the original intent of the Commerce Clause, the substantial effects doctrine is a fraudulent exercise of power.