Here's a tidbit on Mugyohoe, the Nonchurch. This should cause a bit of an uproar here:
"Another blistering critique of evangelist-fundamentalist stances was presented by Kim Kyo-sin (1901-1945), the leader of the so-called Non-Church Christian Movement (mugyohoe undong) that had begun in 1927 as an indigenous, voluntary religious movement to controvert the ways of the established Protestant denominational churches. Searching for an indigenous theology and authentic, informal Bible-centered faith community, the new movement severely criticized the narrow sacerdotal principle of extra ecclesiam nulla salus that held that salvation is not available apart from membership in a specific denominational church that controls the distribution of grace. It also criticized that the churchgoers had gone astray from the authentic Christian way and that the hierarchically oriented and authoritarian clergy had sold out to American missionaries and their whitewashed ecclesiasticism to safeguard their vested interests.
"The original leaders of this movement were the disciples of Uchimura Kanzō (1861-1930), the founder of Japanese Non-Church Christianity; and like their Japanese mentor, they all emphasized the intensive study of the Bible rather than mindlessly following the ecclesiastical doctrines, rituals and duties of the church. They were all well educated and were skeptical of the uninhibited, Pentecostal, emotional expressions of religious feelings of the evangelist-fundamentalists. Unlike the blessings-bound religion of non-privileged classes, theirs was a religious movement of virtuosi or intellectuals to attain grace through autonomous and rational ethical achievement based on a particular belief in a transcendental God. Deliberately shunning the ecstasy and the emotional piety of the lower classes, they held on to an intellectual religious attitude that takes the ethical and social requirements of everyday life more seriously."
You can read more at
http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/special/Chung-paper-HMS2000-GW.htm
"The heirarchically oriented and authoritarian clergy had sold out to the American missionaries...to safeguard their vested interests."
I have been reading a history of the Scots-Irish in America. In the Eighteenth Century as these settlers moved over the mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee, they lacked religion and felt the need for it. Many of them came here as Presbyterians, who believed that their ministers should be well educated especially in theological matters. There was such a shortage that Methodists and Baptists who believed that their ministers were "called" and did not need to have extensive education moved into the vacuum in droves. Sounds as though something similar was operating here.