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Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
2004 Axel, Richard
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" USA
2002 Brenner, Sydney
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" South Africa
2002 Horvitz, H. Robert
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" USA
2000 Greengard, Paul
"signal transduction in the nervous system" USA
2000 Kandel, Eric R.
"signal transduction in the nervous system" Austria
1998 Furchgott, Robert F.
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system" USA
1997 Prusiner, Stanley B.
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" USA
1994 Gilman, Alfred G.
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA
1994 Rodbell, Martin
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA
1989 Varmus, Harold E.
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" USA
1988 Elion, Gertrude B.
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" USA
1986 Cohen, Stanley
"for their discoveries of growth factors" USA
1986 Levi-Montalcini, Rita
"for their discoveries of growth factors" Italy
1985 Brown, Michael S.
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" USA
1985 Goldstein, Joseph L.
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" USA
1984 Milstein, Cesar
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" Argentina
1980 Benacerraf, Baruj
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" Venezuela
1978 Nathans, Daniel
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" USA
1977 Schally, Andrew V.
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" Poland
1977 Yalow, Rosalyn
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" USA
1976 Blumberg, Baruch S.
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" USA
1975 Baltimore, David
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell" USA
1975 Temin, Howard M.
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell" USA
1972 Edelman, Gerald M.
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" USA
1970 Axelrod, Julius
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" USA
1970 Katz, Bernard
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" Germany
1969 Luria, Salvador E.
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" Italy
1968 Nirenberg, Marshall W.
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" USA
1967 Wald, George
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" USA
1965 Jacob, Francois
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" France
1965 Lwoff, Andre
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" France
1964 Bloch, Konrad
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" Germany
1959 Kornberg, Arthur
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" USA
1958 Lederberg, Joshua
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" USA
1953 Krebs, Hans Adolf
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" Germany
1953 Lipmann, Fritz Albert
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" Germany
1952 Waksman, Selman A.
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" Russia
1950 Reichstein, Tadeus
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" Poland
1947 Cori, Gerty Theresa, Radnitz
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Czech Republic
1946 Muller, Hermann J.
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" USA
1945 Chain, Ernst Boris
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" Germany
1944 Erlanger, Joseph
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers" USA
1936 Loewi, Otto
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" Austria
1930 Landsteiner, Karl
"for his discovery of human blood groups" Austria
1922 Meyerhof, Otto Fritz
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" Germany
1914 Barany, Robert
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" Austria
1908 Ehrlich, Paul
"for their work on immunity" Germany
1908 Mechnikov, Elie
"for their work on immunity" Russia

Total number of Jewish Laureates: 48

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
2004 Ciechanover, Aaron
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" Israel
2004 Hershko, Avram
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" Hungary
2004 Rose, Irwin
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" USA
2000 Heeger, Alan J.
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" USA
1998 Kohn, Walter
"for his development of the density-functional theory" Austria
1994 Olah, George A.
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" Hungary
1992 Marcus, Rudolph A.
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" Canada
1989 Altman, Sidney
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" Canada
1985 Hauptman, Herbert A.
"for their development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" USA
1985 Karle, Jerome
"for their development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" USA
1982 Klug, Aaron
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" Lithuania
1981 Hoffmann, Roald
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" Poland
1980 Berg, Paul
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" USA
1980 Gilbert, Walter
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" USA
1979 Brown, Herbert C.
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" Ukraine
1977 Prigogine, Ilya
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" Russia
1972 Anfinsen, Christian B.
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" USA
1972 Stein, William H.
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule" USA
1962 Perutz, Max F.
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" Austria
1961 Calvin, Melvin
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" USA
1943 de Hevesy, George
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" Hungary
1918 Haber, Fritz
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" Germany
1915 Willstatter, Richard M.
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" Germany
1910 Wallach, Otto
"for his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" Germany
1906 Moissan, Henri
"for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him" France
1905 von Baeyer, J. F. W. Adolf
"for his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" Germany

Total number of Jewish Laureates: 26

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Economics
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
2005 Aumann, Robert J.
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis" Germany
2002 Kahneman, Daniel
"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty" Israel
2001 Akerlof, George A.
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information" USA
2001 Stiglitz, Joseph E.
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information" USA
1997 Scholes, Myron S.
"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives " Canada
1994 Harsanyi, John C.
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" Hungary
1993 Fogel, Robert W.
"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change" USA
1992 Becker, Gary S.
"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction, including nonmarket behavior" USA
1990 Markowitz, Harry M.
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" USA
1990 Miller, Merton H.
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" USA
1987 Solow, Robert M.
"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" USA
1985 Modigliani, Franco
"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" Italy
1980 Klein, Lawrence R.
"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies" USA
1978 Simon, Herbert A.
"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" USA
1976 Friedman, Milton
"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy" USA
1975 Kantorovich, Leonid V.
"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources" Russia
1973 Leontief, Wassily
"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems" Russia
1972 Arrow, Kenneth J.
"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory" USA
1971 Kuznets, Simon
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development" USA
1970 Samuelson, Paul A.
"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" USA

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
2005 Glauber, Roy J.
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" USA
2004 Gross, David J.
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" USA
2004 Politzer, H. David
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" USA
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A.
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" Russia
2003 Ginzburg, Vitaly L.
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" Russia
2000 Alferov, Zhores I.
"for basic work on information and communication technology" Russia
1997 Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" Algeria
1996 Lee, David M.
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" USA
1995 Perl, Martin L.
"for the discovery of the tau lepton " Russia
1995 Reines, Frederick
"for the detection of the neutrino" USA
1992 Charpak, Georges
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" Poland
1990 Friedman, Jerome I.
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" USA
1988 Lederman, Leon M.
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" USA
1988 Schwartz, Melvin
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" USA
1988 Steinberger, Jack
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" Germany
1979 Glashow, Sheldon L.
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current" USA
1979 Weinberg, Steven
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current" USA
1978 Penzias, Arno A.
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Germany
1976 Richter, Burton
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" USA
1975 Mottelson, Ben Roy
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" USA
1973 Josephson, Brian D.
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" UK
1972 Cooper, Leon N.
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" USA
1971 Gabor, Dennis
"for his invention and development of the holographic method" Hungary
1969 Gell-Mann, Murray
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" USA
1967 Bethe, Hans A.
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" Germany
1965 Feynman, Richard P.
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" USA
1965 Schwinger, Julian
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" USA
1963 Wigner, Eugene P.
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Hungary
1962 Landau, Lev D.
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" Azerbaijan
1961 Hofstadter, Robert
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" USA
1960 Glaser, Donald A.
"for the invention of the bubble chamber" USA
1959 Segre, Emilio Gino
"for their discovery of the antiproton" Italy
1958 Frank, Il'ja M.
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Russia
1958 Tamm, Igor Y.
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Russia
1954 Born, Max
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Poland
1952 Bloch, Felix
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" Switzerland
1945 Pauli, Wolfgang
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" Austria
1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" Austria
1943 Stern, Otto
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" Germany
1925 Franck, James
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" Germany
1922 Bohr, Niels
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" Denmark
1921 Einstein, Albert
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" Germany
1908 Lippmann, Gabriel
"for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" Luxembourg
1907 Michelson, Albert A.
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" Poland

Total number of Jewish Laureates: 44

Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Literature
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
2005 Pinter, Harold
"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms" UK
2002 Kertesz, Imre
"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" Hungary
1991 Gordimer, Nadine
"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" South Africa
1987 Brodsky, Joseph
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" Russia
1981 Canetti, Elias
"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" Bulgaria
1978 Singer, Isaac Bashevis
"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life" Poland
1976 Bellow, Saul
"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" Canada
1966 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef
"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" Ukraine
1966 Sachs, Nelly
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" Germany
1958 Pasternak, Boris L.
"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" Russia
1927 Bergson, Henri
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented" France
1910 Heyse, Paul
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories" Germany

Total number of Jewish Laureates: 12