"Office of National Drug Control Policy, Draft What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 1988-1998, pp. 9-11. As with cocaine, estimates for the size of the hardcore heroin using population are derived from mathematical models rather than probability-based population survey estimates."
RTI International is an independent, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) corporation, commissioned by the government to actually do the survey. Nothing sinister there. I mean, if you have a source with more accurate numbers, I'd really like to see it.
If not, well, you know what to do.