[Paul Ross]

... the long-standing policies of the Jiminto governments to protect self employers and to invest in public works as well as the life-time employment practice of the Japanese firms.

That is a welfare state. They are less overtly redistributionary with expenditures, but they are nonetheless a welfare state.

[Toddsterpatriot]

That is a welfare state. They are less overtly redistributionary with expenditures, but they are nonetheless a welfare state.

That's why your "real" study said: Japan, notwithstanding its marvelous economic achievement, has remained a welfare laggard among advanced industrial democracies. Since Japan has lagged far behind other countries in welfare state development

Your inability to read charts has spread. You now don't know how to read "real studies" either.