But that didn't show anything about the Earth's movement. Specifically, the phases of Venus didn't rule out hybrid models that allowed for the planets to orbit the sun, while the sun and everything else still orbited the earth. There were such models at the time.
Such models are perfectly compatible with the literal sense of the scipture passages that seem to teach geocentrism. Hence, the Church's position was that until these models could be disproven, one was not to contradict the literal sense of the scripture passages.
The observation of Jupiter's moons did eliminate one argument against the movement of the Earth, but they do not disprove Tycho's hybrid model. Just because the Earth would not leave the moon behind if it moves does not mean that the Earth moves.
Newton's universal law of gravitation, IMHO, conclusively rules out the hybrid models. Or at the very least, it makes them so implausible as to make them unworthy of consideration.
Shouldn't that be Newton's first law of motion, as demonstrated by Foucault's pendulum?