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You didn't miss it in Catechism class. You missed it somewhere else, though. It's been everywhere for ages. There's a consensus in the scientific community about evolution, and the Church is made up of learned men.

In order to understand why it is accepted in the scientific community, and elsewhere, you need to understand the philosophy of science, and what constitutes a "proof." Nothing can ever be proven absolutely except deductively. Evolution is understood inductively. Of course Hume had doubts about induction--sort of like the Uncertainty Principle: you can never be sure with induction. But if we threw it away as a principle of science, there would be very few scientific truths, maybe none.